tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17856335416830155732024-03-13T05:37:35.159+00:00MauseusMauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comBlogger185125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-83106138977997284832024-02-22T21:19:00.004+00:002024-02-22T21:30:02.039+00:00Septimius Severus enters Rome (eventually) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4g15BUbqm8EwloKsMqA_g3SDiQ1345P-k3xWyVkxbop_JlPr__yl4MaSGT-xWDI4C4KBUEQsXjg69BODtLuEIzpK_ewLRdK1F_1gfqNxj36MExf-2yH3LPGSnF6qtpsmgZvfshiEwYy66dNH7_jrdbFhJJbUie1FxE0F6Kr6jIJtNjtBpywKgjbtsgaxd/s823/normal_rjb_2017_08_04.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="823" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4g15BUbqm8EwloKsMqA_g3SDiQ1345P-k3xWyVkxbop_JlPr__yl4MaSGT-xWDI4C4KBUEQsXjg69BODtLuEIzpK_ewLRdK1F_1gfqNxj36MExf-2yH3LPGSnF6qtpsmgZvfshiEwYy66dNH7_jrdbFhJJbUie1FxE0F6Kr6jIJtNjtBpywKgjbtsgaxd/w400-h195/normal_rjb_2017_08_04.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Septimius Severus, sestertius, ADVENTVI AVG FELICISSIMO AVG SC (RIC 719c)</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here is a sestertius of Septimius Severus with IMP VIII at the end of the obverse legend (dated by RIC to AD 196). With the ADVENTVI AVG FELICISSIMO SC reverse (RIC 719c) I had always assumed it marked the return to Rome after the Eastern campaign, as indicated by the "Liberalities" table on page 72 of RIC (see below). This was also the explanation of Clive Foss in Roman Historical Coins (1990). Curtis Clay, however, put me right.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJTBV_EVPMqk_9PixjuGESSpelz4VCFZjCDGKMzjw_CF-goSMz-gTiP3WS4XaZnmwoLF6P4TIGHxlTw5bY2Bkw3Vfpz9p04rtD3LKyqFllm6WZZNVxr98BJmSsZ4G975zzZqdgdr7DLKNhhS-ZelzgBkyDWu5FQS2zI7y4at4zZsRulFRTsE-jBoKOFmh/s720/IMG_20240222_210852.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="720" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJTBV_EVPMqk_9PixjuGESSpelz4VCFZjCDGKMzjw_CF-goSMz-gTiP3WS4XaZnmwoLF6P4TIGHxlTw5bY2Bkw3Vfpz9p04rtD3LKyqFllm6WZZNVxr98BJmSsZ4G975zzZqdgdr7DLKNhhS-ZelzgBkyDWu5FQS2zI7y4at4zZsRulFRTsE-jBoKOFmh/w400-h141/IMG_20240222_210852.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Liberalities from RIC IV, page 72</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">In his unpublished 1972 thesis he established that the traditional chronology of 195-7 was wrong: Byzantium actually fell in summer 195 (reflected as IMP VI or VII in imperial titulature). The previous chronology was based on the assumption that the siege of Byzantium lasted three full years, that is until summer 196, because Dio Cassius says it lasted “an entire three-year period”. Clay suggested what Dio meant was actually “two full years and into the third”. Byzantium fell in summer 195 not 196.</span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The break with Albinus and elevation of Caracalla to the Caesarship occurred in November 195, by which time Severus was in Viminacium; he then marched directly to Gaul, as noted by the historian Herodian, and defeated Clodius Albinus on 19 February 196 not 197. The adjustment in chronology allows the IMP VIII title to be associated with this victory in Gaul.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi804lFtdkrXEcyIs5W9HViVJykZw2rPnoXR8miAw9W16HO_OF60aVLDZbgpYbkU_InzOnOTpyNCLPA0CL-_8ZECCsN6QFQap758IqC4_QWgsQsU0_czkT2Av1GO9pIvp8ord0BItG5wCXX38JegKz1hC7nmAOB2rVPT25K2ZufzWWKoOvXr_XjqC1sZpxR/s639/rjb_sev1_04_06.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="639" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi804lFtdkrXEcyIs5W9HViVJykZw2rPnoXR8miAw9W16HO_OF60aVLDZbgpYbkU_InzOnOTpyNCLPA0CL-_8ZECCsN6QFQap758IqC4_QWgsQsU0_czkT2Av1GO9pIvp8ord0BItG5wCXX38JegKz1hC7nmAOB2rVPT25K2ZufzWWKoOvXr_XjqC1sZpxR/w400-h201/rjb_sev1_04_06.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Septimius Severus, sestertius, Victory over Clodius Albinus (RIC 725)</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Around late summer 196 Severus returned to Rome, resulting in this coin type. The “felicissimus”, or joy, in the reverse legend being rather ironic. The entry of Severus to Rome resulted in the death of ten senators as punishment for the Senate’s support of Albinus.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgty1847SaEH9oqQLyfONn_HBrHeMdbdBhOSCXqxF0mdRUFJELcxqciZuxLbacI6BV20Sz_Xuj2OwrhWki8dJqigSFstFVQyvOf__kHNmstoUFkfnUjFT-FvyT1UZuXppfnj3NQnidEvAh8GX5bo1-cqPfRjsES1mTx1rQbwHjsJCFYzc2ZpS-nW1BMsVso/s1000/rjb_2017_08_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="1000" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgty1847SaEH9oqQLyfONn_HBrHeMdbdBhOSCXqxF0mdRUFJELcxqciZuxLbacI6BV20Sz_Xuj2OwrhWki8dJqigSFstFVQyvOf__kHNmstoUFkfnUjFT-FvyT1UZuXppfnj3NQnidEvAh8GX5bo1-cqPfRjsES1mTx1rQbwHjsJCFYzc2ZpS-nW1BMsVso/w400-h199/rjb_2017_08_05.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Septimius Severus, sestertius, PROFECTIO AVG SC (RIC 728)</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Late spring-early summer 197 he made Caracalla Pontifex and Imperator Destinatus, gave games (MVNIFICENTIA AVG) and his second largesse (LIBERALITAS AVG II) to the people of Rome, and departed on his second Parthian campaign (PROFECTIO AVG).
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9YRC5GwtZzCYWm8MrbHdDxOX8ACQXR-ACwL1u2KTekahyphenhyphenHc05YrYbco9MlSxFz-wE0zPeQGUDSkurae55mRAaJ-1wrhmxkn4n6PeGiC2nV6Mhac3Yk3Q_SJPhdZNY0H87PfcmZNdoWWu5OQjaXO_0u5aq8MJqY_FfoefHbP85r0J8_h3nAOm8AMsHOqFw/s707/IMG_20240222_203535.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="707" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9YRC5GwtZzCYWm8MrbHdDxOX8ACQXR-ACwL1u2KTekahyphenhyphenHc05YrYbco9MlSxFz-wE0zPeQGUDSkurae55mRAaJ-1wrhmxkn4n6PeGiC2nV6Mhac3Yk3Q_SJPhdZNY0H87PfcmZNdoWWu5OQjaXO_0u5aq8MJqY_FfoefHbP85r0J8_h3nAOm8AMsHOqFw/w400-h206/IMG_20240222_203535.png" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Septimius Severus, denarius, PROFECTIO AVG (RIC 91) </i></p><p><br /></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-76337708349312525422023-12-14T18:35:00.008+00:002023-12-14T19:10:37.303+00:00The VSV denarii of Aurelian and Severina<p><!--StartFragment-->
</p><p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDDnCkvJYJX_RDx4JTRZHrF7u5ETDhNvihuaoNDg2gwCkRCYiB31JbzdDB6xaurnl6uG3oDjEV8VzlLwgvDHBUEDWBpnNooYI_0VTGyxiP5IGezqJoWcjOObM3yRd1pTx3KbwBqO7A2HJ8des5SAbNA-AYp0jKXw_jC60yVVkUODSpy-wa9M6C5p5PgG9y/s563/14564735076_df06255dba_o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="563" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDDnCkvJYJX_RDx4JTRZHrF7u5ETDhNvihuaoNDg2gwCkRCYiB31JbzdDB6xaurnl6uG3oDjEV8VzlLwgvDHBUEDWBpnNooYI_0VTGyxiP5IGezqJoWcjOObM3yRd1pTx3KbwBqO7A2HJ8des5SAbNA-AYp0jKXw_jC60yVVkUODSpy-wa9M6C5p5PgG9y/w400-h189/14564735076_df06255dba_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reading
(again) Cathy King’s paper on denarii and quinarii in the late third century in
the 1978 Sutherland festschrift she observes that from the reign of Valerian to
the end of the century their issue was probably restricted to special occasions
with the exception of the denarii of Aurelian and Severina. It is quite
noticeable that in King’s 2007 corpus of Roman quinarii there is an apparent
hiatus in their issue after Claudius II and their issue resumed under Tacitus. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Although not
the sole mint for denarii during the reign of Aurelian the Rome mint is the most
prolific, particularly after the commencement of the 10<sup>th</sup> issue,
using the arrangement of Estiot in MER XII.1<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>DENARII OF AURELIAN AND SEVERINA</b></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 7.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Issue, Date (MER
online) <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reverse and Issuer<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Notes<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">1, Oct – Dec 270<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VICTORIA AVG (Victory right) Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">9, summer – autumn 274<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ORIENS AVG, Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Includes a type with left facing martial
bust<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td rowspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 23.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">10, end 274 (MER XII.1 suggests November to
December) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VICTORIA AVG (Victory left, with or without
captive) Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VSV mark on reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VENVS FELIX, Severina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VSV mark on reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VENVS VICTRIX, Severina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VSV mark on reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">LAETITIA AVG, Severina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VSV mark on reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td rowspan="6" style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">11, early 275 to Sep 275<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ORIENS AVG, Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">PROVIDE AVG, Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">PM TRP VII COS III PP, Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VICTORIA AVG (Victory left, with or without
captive) Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Right facing consular bust amongst the
obverse types<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">PROVIDEN AVG, Aurelian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VENVS FELIX, Severina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 7.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">12, Sep to Nov 275<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">VENVS FELIX, Severina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">“Interregnum” issue, officina letter in
right field<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The VSV mark
that is present only on the denarius in the series of coins issued by Aurelian
and Severina and only on the denarii of the tenth issue has provoked some
comment in the past. It does not apparently coincide with the monetary reform
of Aurelian that introduced the XXI formula to the radiate base silver coinage
(often termed “aureliani” in academic literature to differentiate the reformed
coins from the pre-reform antoniniani). The aureliani are believed to have started
in issue 8, dating to between spring and summer 274. The usual expansion of VSV
is to “vsvalis”, identifying the coin as the usual accounting unit, ie, the
denarius. If that is the case why is it not present on the issue 9 denarius,
nor perpetuated on later denarii, yet the XXI continued on the radiate coins. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">An
attractive alternative solution is that the VSV mark can be expanded to Vota
Solvta Qvinqvenalia, the discharge of the five year vows. This appears
attractive given both the year of issue of the type and also the ephemeral use
of the formula on this brief issue. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Recently a
new theory was put forwards in Num Chron 2013. The VSV formula is postulated to
be a phrase somewhat akin to the RSR (Redeunt Saturnia Regna, the return of the
Saturnian age) on the coins of Carausius. VSV becomes, perhaps, Veniens Sol
Vicit (Sol came and conquered). It echoes the veni, vidi, vici of Julius Caesar,
apt after the defeat of Vabalathus in the east and Tetricus in the west. You
have to ask, though, if that’s the case I would again question why it wasn’t
perpetuated on subsequent issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">I would
suggest that King’s assertion that the denarii of Aurelian are not ceremonial
issues is not wholly true. The paucity of the earlier issues discounts this.
Also I would argue that the VSV marked pieces are also a ceremonial issue. Even
the last issue of denarii issued during Aurelian’s reign, issue 11, contains a
consular obverse bust type and also a dated reverse type amongst the repertoire
so a ceremonial series may be plausible. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><u>References</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Estiot, S,
(MER) Monnaies de l’Empire romain XII.1 d’Aurelien a Florien (2004)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">King, C E, “Denarii
and Quinarii, AD 253-295”, in Carson, R A G, and Kraay, C, Scripta Nummaria
Romana: Essays presented to H Sutherland, 1978, pp 75-104<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">King, C E, Roman
Quinarii from the Republic to Diocletian and the Tetrarchy (2007)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Woods, D,
“Aurelian and the mark VSV: some neglected possibilities “, Numismatic
Chronicle 173, 2016, pp 137-49<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<!--EndFragment--><br /><p></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-14404855385539547102023-11-30T21:51:00.001+00:002023-11-30T21:51:43.213+00:00Gordian III's Adventus coins, Antioch and Rome<p>Roger Bland’s recent book, The Coinage of Gordian III from Antioch and Caesarea (2023), a revision of his 1991 PhD, presents a catalogue and die study of the coins produced for him in those two cities.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgevg-z8H0YyfZJOKO9hy_YlkqCY4yl28PLesBbkNa2CdhxAQ36S293VSrD3B_LnCszuHkEac3K2PNx8IOD-p31HnVYHkzD85JEg9gsM_ooKUD1vHYEEnddjfAY4VGRP12BmyJdniFdjbeeeh49IMwaSqil_uP7ysw3r9R4OguhEcY43ls55cOBQ6QZpXqx/s778/rjb_gor174cf_01_07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="778" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgevg-z8H0YyfZJOKO9hy_YlkqCY4yl28PLesBbkNa2CdhxAQ36S293VSrD3B_LnCszuHkEac3K2PNx8IOD-p31HnVYHkzD85JEg9gsM_ooKUD1vHYEEnddjfAY4VGRP12BmyJdniFdjbeeeh49IMwaSqil_uP7ysw3r9R4OguhEcY43ls55cOBQ6QZpXqx/w400-h196/rjb_gor174cf_01_07.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>This coin, RIC 174 (corrected), Bland 48 (struck from obverse die 77, reverse die 442) from the first series of Antioch radiates is part of a distinctive group of reverse types that suggest an imperial visit by the young Gordian to Antioch in AD 239.
</p><p>Coin reverses with the emperor on horseback, accompanied by an Adventus legend, have been used from the first century to proclaim an imperial arrival. No such legend on this Antioch coin, just a series of imperial titles, including TRP II and COS, however, the iconography is very suggestive of a visit by Gordian, the titles pointing to an issue date of AD 239.
</p><p>Other associated radiates from Antioch pair the same dated reverse legend with an image of the emperor stood in an attitude of greeting in a slow quadriga and also seated in a curule chair. There is an overt imperial presence sugested in the devices used.
</p><p>Although there are no extant ancient written histories that support the idea of Gordian’s visit to Antioch there is some additional evidence. After all, there is always the danger of isolated over-interpretation of coin reverse types (John Drinkwater, in The Gallic Empire, expresses this concern over numismatic interpretations).
</p><p>The first of these is a Rescript or public government document:
</p><p><i>Imp. GORDIANVS A. Rationalibus
</i></p><p><i>Manifestum est nuptiis contra mandata contractis, dotem, quae data illo tempore, cum traducta est, fuerat, iuxta sententiam Divi Severi fieri caducam, nec si consensu postea coepisse videatur matrimonium, in praeteritum commisso vitio potuit mederi.
</i></p><p><i>Dat. Kal. April, Antiochiae, Gordiano A. Et Aviola coss.
</i></p><p>The rescript about dowries, is signed from Antioch on 1 April 239 (‘handed down on 1 April at Antioch, in the consulships of Gordian and Aviola’).
</p><p>The second piece of supporting evidence is an inscription from Rome. The dating of it notes he was in Rome on 7 January 239 thus fixing a date after which he must have set off.
</p><p>Furthermore it has been noted that Gordian was not present at the meeting of the Fratres Arvales on 11 May 240, which he normally attended, sending them a letter instead. The Fratres Arvales, or Brothers of the Fields, were a group of priests who offered sacrifices to the gods to guarantee good harvests. A long series of the acta or minutes of their proceedings, drawn up by themselves, and inscribed on stone have been discovered. Excavations in the grove of the Dea Dia have found 96 of these records dating from AD 14 to 241 AD.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoj_Dh71uZ4jOyMFcsHsJk5JsLyEM0XqjdIlWNSElditOV2scT53ILs8KjhDa6lMwwXPdTRZe4bUBQFtzEQm2DwspUv_99UbhPdeJer_NAkPodKymCo7uitB_lH6SD-YjheDm1wgo-KlBJybQ45CUb21UH_VhuECgXvM7Qdu0ac6dvkP65fkQLhunTjkay/s955/rjb_gor_01_09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="955" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoj_Dh71uZ4jOyMFcsHsJk5JsLyEM0XqjdIlWNSElditOV2scT53ILs8KjhDa6lMwwXPdTRZe4bUBQFtzEQm2DwspUv_99UbhPdeJer_NAkPodKymCo7uitB_lH6SD-YjheDm1wgo-KlBJybQ45CUb21UH_VhuECgXvM7Qdu0ac6dvkP65fkQLhunTjkay/w400-h199/rjb_gor_01_09.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>Gordian’s return to Rome is also recorded in the coin types, for example on this dated equestrian denarius from Rome. Assuming that Gordian’s first tribunician was on his accession in mid 238, and renewed on December 10th each year his third tribunician would be 10 December 239 – 9 December 240. In combination with the absence of Gordian at the meeting of the Fratres Arvales Gordian’s return to Rome came sometime after the second half of May and before early December 240.
</p><p>In our world we are used to international travel taking a fraction of a day. We forget that travel across the Roman world was much slower and that the emperor could be away from the capital for several months.</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-7851224427628613112023-09-21T20:23:00.000+01:002023-09-21T20:23:30.934+01:00Eastern Severan denarii: mint reattribution<p>A few years ago, after reading Gitler and Ponting's monograph on chemical analyses of Severan denarii, I began to suspect that the eastern attributed coin attributions weren't wholly correct. They identified that some of the coins assigned to Laodicea had a composition closer to the Rome mint issues.</p><p>Reading Bland's work on the Antioch coins of Gordian III, where he summarises the previous output of the Antioch mint, he accepts that Butcher is probably correct in his proposed reattribution of location.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYt9nQBdO8hLN6bpv0ajDSwxpGc7OsBCO388fkc7UG_OoRJkD-f-2EL3JH4eU3aVSibpgpQ2PFgZ_CavF1B3Y7qkFofNK2NxhzQiU3sLpaqdPEMmiVP_WB1vUiUaiDJCejWTABOMy8wdOqEBJDY4LDlgVGGVv_imBicWAxgX8qCEVIRD-s3mm_ZRJLS6uI/s601/rjb_sev5_02_06.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="601" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYt9nQBdO8hLN6bpv0ajDSwxpGc7OsBCO388fkc7UG_OoRJkD-f-2EL3JH4eU3aVSibpgpQ2PFgZ_CavF1B3Y7qkFofNK2NxhzQiU3sLpaqdPEMmiVP_WB1vUiUaiDJCejWTABOMy8wdOqEBJDY4LDlgVGGVv_imBicWAxgX8qCEVIRD-s3mm_ZRJLS6uI/w400-h204/rjb_sev5_02_06.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><i><div style="text-align: center;"><i>RIC 422 "Emisa" = Antioch</i></div></i>Both RIC and BMC assign a large series of coins of Severus to Emesa, the Antioch mint being closed as part of the degradation in city status for supporting Pescennius Niger. <p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgupzs4WFUFzdlfps9KuPEsxiQl7hMNDwmp5-qBdvfV6YjbleYSfJRwoD0sNV9BHibKbzaxgjkzEbHpKhCvle9sUEgSoqzf4Avea4jl7_GmZzgddYdPzGsu_gs53zi-GJ7jh--knj_dh4Om67bzZLPDcc1tMAonj005bNiH3hEhC1oB03yI6zuFQzDzlfIM/s824/normal_rjb_sev_06_07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="824" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgupzs4WFUFzdlfps9KuPEsxiQl7hMNDwmp5-qBdvfV6YjbleYSfJRwoD0sNV9BHibKbzaxgjkzEbHpKhCvle9sUEgSoqzf4Avea4jl7_GmZzgddYdPzGsu_gs53zi-GJ7jh--knj_dh4Om67bzZLPDcc1tMAonj005bNiH3hEhC1oB03yI6zuFQzDzlfIM/w400-h194/normal_rjb_sev_06_07.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>RIC - "Laodicea old style" = Antioch</i></div><p></p><p>Eventually the Emesa mint is closed and succeeded by a new establishment at Laodicea. This change is thought to occur at the change in the termination of the obverse legend from COS II to IMP followed by a number.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuy3bxOh2NRZMTaNsG6_chDwKivpyfxhBldkWMIcV779Uc3AW_xeUt6UYQvGXcbF4ZeuN2_lOk3KjkV3VmaN5MgtfWY8ZJQJnp6OPJRJyrs_8JnjsfG8YRuzqPZICQeiiJmZiltP70SAKAr9uwr8tUF2SOKr7g16kI-vO4KM6Wql9h5fRuvtjmGkcRSfcy/s3648/IMG_20230921_194744.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1831" data-original-width="3648" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuy3bxOh2NRZMTaNsG6_chDwKivpyfxhBldkWMIcV779Uc3AW_xeUt6UYQvGXcbF4ZeuN2_lOk3KjkV3VmaN5MgtfWY8ZJQJnp6OPJRJyrs_8JnjsfG8YRuzqPZICQeiiJmZiltP70SAKAr9uwr8tUF2SOKr7g16kI-vO4KM6Wql9h5fRuvtjmGkcRSfcy/w400-h201/IMG_20230921_194744.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>Butcher, however, observed that stylistically there is little or no change through from Niger through Severan Emisa issues and early Laodicea coins. This also includes a consideration of the repertoire of reverse types. It only changes when there is a distinctive alteration in "Laodicea" style at IMP VIII, the so called "new style". It is at this time the metal alloy composition also changes. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhTGdjvylaEyDPwLRUYIIPkYQKBx1cUxL6ypPJE9s8sw6NBC09Xq_T8JJFOywEiiKKuRqMhqX_NJHr3NEf7NJvb6aQFwzgfcAURqOb6gYKD6w9vCy6UrijRLAPi3GYTVJNRbOMcjV6Qo4g_yDWEBBfMqq5GH6PNMe1NdgEa_yh07SppgBLbsooi1rGSMLs/s3919/IMG_20230921_193559.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1624" data-original-width="3919" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhTGdjvylaEyDPwLRUYIIPkYQKBx1cUxL6ypPJE9s8sw6NBC09Xq_T8JJFOywEiiKKuRqMhqX_NJHr3NEf7NJvb6aQFwzgfcAURqOb6gYKD6w9vCy6UrijRLAPi3GYTVJNRbOMcjV6Qo4g_yDWEBBfMqq5GH6PNMe1NdgEa_yh07SppgBLbsooi1rGSMLs/w400-h166/IMG_20230921_193559.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>Butcher suggests that, other than some rare Alexandrian coins, the bulk of the eastern coins of Severus are from a continuation of the Antioch mint that Niger used. The new style Laodicea coins he places at an un-named location closer to Rome, perhaps in the Balkans. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtxz3fB69gxRE6wxrlu4isybE8ze9nHLaffjFeov_qV_cQmM7aeiivoeilY1yzrQyRGlV1E7ZSvdD70eBZYEEtyPCds0mD56tdedRuHMnoQ95c44Z73-DN0YxE4kgfPsYuRxEAF75W-Z2nTRoCcc9VW02bIzq3hNnqXujkKP9akGNBGsuliP954HjbO-Iq/s601/rjb_sev7_02_06.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="601" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtxz3fB69gxRE6wxrlu4isybE8ze9nHLaffjFeov_qV_cQmM7aeiivoeilY1yzrQyRGlV1E7ZSvdD70eBZYEEtyPCds0mD56tdedRuHMnoQ95c44Z73-DN0YxE4kgfPsYuRxEAF75W-Z2nTRoCcc9VW02bIzq3hNnqXujkKP9akGNBGsuliP954HjbO-Iq/w400-h196/rjb_sev7_02_06.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>RIC 493 "Laodicea new style" = Balkans?</i> </div><p></p><p><u>Bibliography</u> </p><p>Bland, R, The Coinage of Gordian III from the Mints of Antioch and Caesarea (RNS SP 60, 2023)</p><p>Butcher, K, Coinage in Roman Syria: 64 BC - AD 253 (RNS SP 34, 2004), abbreviated as CRS above</p><p>Gitler, H, and Ponting, M, The Silver Coinage of Septimius Severus and His Family, 193-211 AD (Glaux 16, 2003)</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-68666417713407845312023-08-10T07:55:00.000+01:002023-08-10T07:55:02.384+01:00The Romano-British coins in the Thesaurus of Oiselius<p>I've just put a note on my Carausius and Allectus website (link to the full site left). It's about the Romano-British coins in the Thesaurus Selectorum Numismatum Antiquorum published by Jacobs Oiselius in 1677. </p><p><a href="https://carausiusandallectus.blogspot.com/p/romano-british-coins-in-thesaurus-of.html">The Romano-British coins in the Thesaurus of Oiselius</a><br /></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-37486375949208789802023-07-28T09:43:00.004+01:002023-07-28T14:57:13.136+01:00The type specimen for Carausius RIC 914<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5wF5EC95-rNOzI-krzJhaDXJRYzGUCPhZddFDiaG2Vv1C3m7sWYDiYaBSOMfg5bE53_PycZ1k24rEBhhbkUaMZF1XuQNdwBmDl_ov0FKBOOnrXx0syN_OZGHo8A7hZoIISmQiRVaHbiIUdDVIVUKdnqUYVpuxMq4JLqLBH7SiQAZ_48tqDDOBfmFclVy/s785/IMG_20230728_092552.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="785" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5wF5EC95-rNOzI-krzJhaDXJRYzGUCPhZddFDiaG2Vv1C3m7sWYDiYaBSOMfg5bE53_PycZ1k24rEBhhbkUaMZF1XuQNdwBmDl_ov0FKBOOnrXx0syN_OZGHo8A7hZoIISmQiRVaHbiIUdDVIVUKdnqUYVpuxMq4JLqLBH7SiQAZ_48tqDDOBfmFclVy/w400-h202/IMG_20230728_092552.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />Whilst reconciling old coin tickets I have for coins from the Blackmoor hoard sales with the two sale catalogues (both referenced in the catalogues section of the bibliography page on my Carausius and Allectus website, see the links left) I realised that I have the type specimen for Webb’s 1933 RIC listing of RIC 914.<p></p><p>My coin, described as IMP CARAVSIVS PF A, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, PAX AVG, Pax (or Fides?) standing left with two standards has a ticket that notes it was part of lot 285 in the Christie’s 1975 sale. The lot is described as 20 Pax coins with various other attributes (RIC 907ff).</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7qZ0WV5Oorn82BLfK7gq3MGsM8RRxRYfpZ0--0iUbqPHKWYOVW8ZFwcjd6OteEyLYakHKQoj6_fJqAXUL1gSvdxyMdBqTyDipmk3uS5sleHt1dhXTYPF8vwByzgWZAYsb1vnNPiB_i7SXLmIzjZyzFGjuZbyQXsTGE-euBswwVTeGX8OtH2DNI7PSoTjI/s774/IMG_20230728_093808.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="772" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7qZ0WV5Oorn82BLfK7gq3MGsM8RRxRYfpZ0--0iUbqPHKWYOVW8ZFwcjd6OteEyLYakHKQoj6_fJqAXUL1gSvdxyMdBqTyDipmk3uS5sleHt1dhXTYPF8vwByzgWZAYsb1vnNPiB_i7SXLmIzjZyzFGjuZbyQXsTGE-euBswwVTeGX8OtH2DNI7PSoTjI/w399-h400/IMG_20230728_093808.png" width="399" /></a></div><br />Looking at the RIC volume Webb notes in the “Authority” column that it is W. 1015, ie cited from his 1908 publication, The Coins of Carausius (reprinted as a monograph from the 1907 Numismatic Chronicle.<p></p><p>So, turning to the Webb book I flip to the entry and Webb’s “Authorities” column reads Selborne. The 1873 Blackmoor hoard was owned by Lord Selborne, having being discovered mid way between Blackmoor House and Woolmer Pond on his land. Thus, the specimen cited by Webb in both Coins of Carausius and RIC is the Blackmoor coin, and, consulting Roger Bland's Coin Hoards of Roman Britain III, there was only a single specimen in the catalogue, number 20448.</p><p>Curiously Bland describes the coin as RIC 913var. Although he does not explain what difference he thinks he has seen from the RIC description. Looking at the die axis of approximately 45 degrees from the vertical demonstrates it is the same specimen</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-1531930055330824352023-07-08T18:02:00.003+01:002023-07-08T20:33:30.007+01:00The 1879 Beachy Head hoard<p><!--StartFragment-->
</p><p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB5BMjIo38Ig9L6TT5LCfz74IqhUwgn-7GNBKjuzN0B5tsQ4r4JWBROG5GVKt4BMejq-x4flOy2ZyUiCjtEEJ5f7tYyzZXZGeQS4b3-N_GWMzDjUdjg0lfnh6saXStq6gS2YSoGVLaU9iJFrhSuL_ibCN3Hw7UHi0jyzqm1nlEm6UM0Xe5pOsDD_6q6ZRE/s4160/IMG_20230708_171046~4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3003" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB5BMjIo38Ig9L6TT5LCfz74IqhUwgn-7GNBKjuzN0B5tsQ4r4JWBROG5GVKt4BMejq-x4flOy2ZyUiCjtEEJ5f7tYyzZXZGeQS4b3-N_GWMzDjUdjg0lfnh6saXStq6gS2YSoGVLaU9iJFrhSuL_ibCN3Hw7UHi0jyzqm1nlEm6UM0Xe5pOsDD_6q6ZRE/w289-h400/IMG_20230708_171046~4.jpg" width="289" /></a></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">I recently picked up a small
pamphlet or off-print, the source of which is unclear that relates to a third century coin find from Roman Britain. It details the gift of some 148
coins from a hoard from July 1879 to the Brighton Free Library and Museum by
the Duke of Devonshire. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">The find spot is noted as near
Eastbourne in Sussex and, given the year and detailed listing I thought it
should be easy to track down some further details. A quick search of Robertson’s
Inventory of Romano-British Coin Hoards (IRBCH). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sure enough it didn’t take that
much looking up. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entry number 728
identifies it as one of the six coin hoards recorded as being from the vicinity
of Beachy Head, the two most well known being the 1961 and 1973 finds. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">The find of around 680 coins was
published in Sussex Archaeological Collections 31 (1881) by T Calvert. He notes
that they were discovered between Beachy Head and Birling Gap by a group of men
digging flint. About two feet down the container was struck by a pick causing
the coins to spill out. The Reigns represented are from Valerian to Aurelian
and Postumus through to Tetricus II. In the same journal Charles Roach-Smith summarised
the Duke’s gift to the museum. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhongoEzt6x-GXq0sHTNoP1pHTirZ0ENKDf1GJJGB1FqWQsncWwE8yyWBeOYFjahb4gRen1AjBLAKfIYn3mV9jpFNkHGn7SPuA6EqFOHFnrthv9FB_KA-Pi1S9a7qsNpvYjT5UsB0i_eEk5cteIPbJ9YCuj6TSFP49l_dD_w6dkeskmNe-DvXofKBMtJwwB/s800/IMG_20230708_174715.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="800" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhongoEzt6x-GXq0sHTNoP1pHTirZ0ENKDf1GJJGB1FqWQsncWwE8yyWBeOYFjahb4gRen1AjBLAKfIYn3mV9jpFNkHGn7SPuA6EqFOHFnrthv9FB_KA-Pi1S9a7qsNpvYjT5UsB0i_eEk5cteIPbJ9YCuj6TSFP49l_dD_w6dkeskmNe-DvXofKBMtJwwB/w400-h255/IMG_20230708_174715.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">There does seem to be a little
bit of uncertainty around the actual year of discovery as a brief report in the
Archaeological Journal for 1879 ascribes 1878 as the year of discovery,
although this does seem to go against the other documented sources.</span><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Calvert, in his 1881 note, makes the
unsupported suggestion that the continental army of Tetricus I that was finally
defeated at Chalons by the forces of Aurelian in AD 274 was largely comprised
of natives recruited in Britain. He goes on “What was more natural, therefore, than
a Sussex man should return, when a fugitive, to his native downs, and there
place in security his hardly earned treasure”. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Roger Bland, when documenting the
1973 Beachy Head hoard (Numismatic Chronicle, 1979), makes reference to all six
finds of radiates from the vicinity including this one (ie 1879, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1899, 1914, 1961, 1964 and 1973). He concludes
that the latest three hoards are probably related as they were found within 20
yards of each other and showed similarities or complimentary features in their
composition. The same cannot be said for the three older finds, the exact find
spots not being recorded. Also the 1899 and 1914 hoards terminate with coins of
Probus, unlike the 1960s onwards hoards that end with Aurelian. He curiously
speculates that the 1879 also might have ended with Probus, although there is nothing
in the contemporary accounts to agree with this hypothesis. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<!--EndFragment--><br /><p></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-81094401430887253372023-06-27T20:22:00.001+01:002023-06-27T20:22:21.588+01:00A new Eastern mint for Probus and the Saturninus revolt<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4UHA6FGHYp5AG6afWf1IV0ihWNfaOk39AzTSt5_cdoOGVxmHGe2-WKPGUYLqzxHS7xJ5NoAsamocvFIEQUoml_Yd_Pdel4GFyrBdH6WLbHaSqQRxVwY28XM66o4F0kxFkmWy4D3czEZIGk4-JikeRVtg3gBgNw__BISl9HDKo0iOU7rKoQYHSSSgMuYm/s1000/rjb_2016_11_09.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="1000" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4UHA6FGHYp5AG6afWf1IV0ihWNfaOk39AzTSt5_cdoOGVxmHGe2-WKPGUYLqzxHS7xJ5NoAsamocvFIEQUoml_Yd_Pdel4GFyrBdH6WLbHaSqQRxVwY28XM66o4F0kxFkmWy4D3czEZIGk4-JikeRVtg3gBgNw__BISl9HDKo0iOU7rKoQYHSSSgMuYm/w400-h193/rjb_2016_11_09.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Probus, antoninianus, unidentified new Eastern mint</i></div><p>At the start of the reign of the emperor Probus (276-82) there were three Asian mints striking Roman coins, Cyzicus, Antioch and Tripolis. French numismatist Sylviane Estiot refers to a mysterious Roman mint that operated briefly in the late 3rd century AD, during the reign of Probus. Estiot proposed that this mint was established in Asia Minor, somewhere in Phrygia, to compensate for the loss of Antioch, which was seized by the usurper Saturninus in 280. The mint produced coins of the types CLEMENTIA TEMP and RESTITVT ORBIS, which were similar to those of Antioch, but with some stylistic and legend differences. Estiot based her hypothesis on a detailed analysis of the coins and their die links, published in a 2015 article titled “L’empereur et l’usurpateur: un 4e atelier oriental sous Probus”. However, the exact location and chronology of this mint remains uncertain and debated by other scholars
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuD_3S3ZjZ48QyyPMZYa0BPDfks3idvgper_H7b4I0IGfLmzn2do9He8iMPMRhUQ-iCRUjKs46EldSPNw7u8mvJabyNlWEyvExbwvzCpLms2HWGvht4ymDZaH_trLYrAfoEFxnBFtrclIVO9tNvK8pv-JeO-XwXzCjF_oox3iXuAzmGDzBA66XM_SKB9BL/s839/rjb_prob_05_07.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="839" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuD_3S3ZjZ48QyyPMZYa0BPDfks3idvgper_H7b4I0IGfLmzn2do9He8iMPMRhUQ-iCRUjKs46EldSPNw7u8mvJabyNlWEyvExbwvzCpLms2HWGvht4ymDZaH_trLYrAfoEFxnBFtrclIVO9tNvK8pv-JeO-XwXzCjF_oox3iXuAzmGDzBA66XM_SKB9BL/w400-h198/rjb_prob_05_07.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><i><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Probus, antoninianus, Antioch mint</i></div></i><p>According to Estiot, the coins of Antioch and the fourth eastern mint can be distinguished by some stylistic and legend differences, such as:
</p><p>• The letter M at Antioch is usually rendered similar to IVI while at the new mint it’s fully formed.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1nU2K_873WyR_nBkiBH5vWS8N8ebhO5iU5CidyNc5KVnTMk5Ef59xLoIneoy-BsZOvTuS1rEhFUe6eA5AD80IrzbyZ68WxV_tr0JTNH6krDACkPvoHc_WjtUIrl-6i_O1BPc5xf1aQhIR7c7h_5TO_XhFUyFTpCYOwfRpclTc0ou8PvDZqqNTzUWUAPx/s780/IMG_20230627_201557.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="780" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1nU2K_873WyR_nBkiBH5vWS8N8ebhO5iU5CidyNc5KVnTMk5Ef59xLoIneoy-BsZOvTuS1rEhFUe6eA5AD80IrzbyZ68WxV_tr0JTNH6krDACkPvoHc_WjtUIrl-6i_O1BPc5xf1aQhIR7c7h_5TO_XhFUyFTpCYOwfRpclTc0ou8PvDZqqNTzUWUAPx/w400-h186/IMG_20230627_201557.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Comparison of the two M styles, Antioch left, new mint right</i></div><p>• The lettering in general is higher and wider, with a more standardized shape and module throughout the legend, both on obverse and reverse on the coinage of the new mint.
</p><p>• While Antioch during this period 277-80 employs both AVG and PF AVG for the Imperial title, the new mint only uses the full PF AVG.
</p><p>• The bust style on the coinage of the new mint is sharper with stronger features, most obvious in the shape and dimension of the eye.
</p><p>• On the reverse of some coins from Antioch there is a simple globe while the new mint has a globe surmounted by a Victory.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz_bE7cjiC4BxMQMqs6QM0tH8E5ezfxmiQ5hcV6oEa_YtQDmH97rffzusTZQwbwZjVTpjThSc-YiLxzLc6jz9fOkEQzEsL6_vB9GOJJ1o4xKodb078qzv2N6s-_qkYIclTp7aEubH0gKA93zRjrMedAZ2MS5YSR1Y7ui1k0gGaTEVzn32IeQiGy3kS1zrD/s720/rjb_prob_ant920.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="720" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz_bE7cjiC4BxMQMqs6QM0tH8E5ezfxmiQ5hcV6oEa_YtQDmH97rffzusTZQwbwZjVTpjThSc-YiLxzLc6jz9fOkEQzEsL6_vB9GOJJ1o4xKodb078qzv2N6s-_qkYIclTp7aEubH0gKA93zRjrMedAZ2MS5YSR1Y7ui1k0gGaTEVzn32IeQiGy3kS1zrD/w400-h210/rjb_prob_ant920.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><i><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Probus, antoninianus, Antioch mint</i></div></i><p><b>Further reading</b></p><p>Estiot, S, “L’empereur et l’usurpateur: un 4e atelier oriental sous Probus”, in Bland, R, and Calamino, D, Studies in Ancient Coinage in Honour of Andrew Burnett, 2015, pp 259-76
</p><p><br /></p><p>
</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-82554568907388927132023-05-18T23:36:00.002+01:002023-05-18T23:36:28.418+01:00Token sextantes of Minturnae from the Second Punic War<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhKXDlbc7aIwJM5C-vAt7cFqdG1a4quEUVM2osvKehrJqW6-l_GMAW0dOx_ZAq9iDj3LZ9qfHFbWkM-rOx9yTTsSsKfFpAXJ-MwYtkZIWtvkNPxlLSXOixB92Z4tTTJtSL9ILuhu_ZuMOjwRoLacrT2TShDdPm3z2jbXQzWwBKuEof6oK2cg7spPkWQg/s1000/rjb_2012_05_39.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="1000" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhKXDlbc7aIwJM5C-vAt7cFqdG1a4quEUVM2osvKehrJqW6-l_GMAW0dOx_ZAq9iDj3LZ9qfHFbWkM-rOx9yTTsSsKfFpAXJ-MwYtkZIWtvkNPxlLSXOixB92Z4tTTJtSL9ILuhu_ZuMOjwRoLacrT2TShDdPm3z2jbXQzWwBKuEof6oK2cg7spPkWQg/w400-h205/rjb_2012_05_39.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>In 2012 I acquired two Roman sextantes that clearly did not fit into the arrangement of Crawford in his 1974 work Roman Republican Coinage (Cr). At approximately 16 mm in diameter and around 1.8 grammes they were smaller and lighter than any comparable material, although many authors subsumed them under the description of Cr. 56/6.</p><p>At the time I postulated whether they might be a local imitative type. I was corrected and told that these were issues from the time of the Second Punic War, frequently found overstruck on other types, and not referenced in the standard sources.
</p><p>Recently the pieces have been put into a more secure dating context. Given the undertypes that have been identified on some of the coins, particularly the small module Neapolitan type with man headed bull reverse (HNI 595), produced c. 250-225 BC, the sextantes must have been overstruck on the donor coins some time after this date. Furthermore we know that they were in production before 191 BC as Livy records that in Minturnae lightning struck some shops in the vicinity of the Temple of Jupiter that were then set alight and a hoard of these sextantes was found below the secure destruction layer.
</p><p>The probable place of minting of the pieces is, on the basis of a very restricted finds distribution, believed to be in Minturnae. The town was a significant naval base that controlled land access across the Liris from Latium to Campania and would have been crucial in the efforts to liberate Capua from Hannibal. The location was also a staging post to Sicily and North Africa and a significant economic hub of the period.
</p><p>The conclusion is that these coins, whilst matching the design criteria of the Roman Republican bronze issues, do not correspond to the prevailing Roman weight standard. They represent an important token coinage during a period of conflict to meet an economic need.
</p><p><u><b>References:
</b></u></p><p>Stannard, C, “’Chopped’ Neapolitan bronze coins at Minturnae, overstrikes with Roman types, and the coin stock in Southern Latium and Northern Campania about 200 BC”, Numismatic Chronicle 178, 2018, pp 99-106
</p><p>Stannard, C, “Small change in Campania from the fourth to the first century BC, and newly discovered Second Punic War mint of Minturnae” in Rahmstorf, L, Barjamovic, G and Ialongo, N, Weight and Value, 2, 2021, pp 261-287
</p><p><br /></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-25812912922860927652023-03-28T23:42:00.005+01:002023-03-29T10:37:29.324+01:00Shipping tessarae from Ostia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7pRY0A0eUo_66sNbaT7hjjcyk3WuOsDSbefBfOISQYl2rQfxDyFYKObesgx13m8631bMGvGJZ33LnFTnjTyWhYDfxHklGIKHqzRKcS9Zv8XuhjFa7v_a0uaHtAYyGrqP7XB88dJIvHpygPcDHJ5_c1WyadmerdBhyKJCE4Tx5ctejSxccz8N9whYAxA/s4034/IMG_20230328_232938~3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1538" data-original-width="4034" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7pRY0A0eUo_66sNbaT7hjjcyk3WuOsDSbefBfOISQYl2rQfxDyFYKObesgx13m8631bMGvGJZ33LnFTnjTyWhYDfxHklGIKHqzRKcS9Zv8XuhjFa7v_a0uaHtAYyGrqP7XB88dJIvHpygPcDHJ5_c1WyadmerdBhyKJCE4Tx5ctejSxccz8N9whYAxA/w400-h153/IMG_20230328_232938~3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In March 2000 the catalogue for
CNG sale 53 arrived. Lots 1434 and 1435 were two curious, small, uniface square
AE pieces with a galley/rowing boat with two occupants depicted on one side with
the legend MPV above. They were identified as 1</span><sup>st</sup><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> century tesserae and,
as chance would have it, around the same time I came the temporary custodian of
another example of the same type. I quickly sold it on but was left with a
feeling more than a little regret. It is a coincidence that the Roman small rowed vessel probably depicted on the tokens is called a tesseraria(e) and is not linked to the name used for a Roman token. </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">The feeling of regret was
compounded when, on opening the 2015 Numismatic Chronicle, I came across a
paper by Clive Stannard’s on the “Shipping tesserae of Ostia and Minturnae”. In
there he brings together a corpus of all the types known to him, including the
specimen I sold, plus the two CNG pieces. Overall he identifies 81 specimens
forming twelve types, the boat type being the most prominent (32 specimens),
the horse walking right the next most abundant group (23 specimens). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwIH-8GfRrZyTZQrU_nad23SBL8aTjIxYn6-EXth5yYdbfJPO-atlLX_m0ZQv3UMiaxu7bZwHvHvhM4vt3LH8zznpcMSFcssmjG54pRNLJciKUTVi-p8iY_Qx61uXS1avY7GXyNN1QOBy3bSVSCBilh6HRnaZ8sna_QSy9AA7j6fjgaKJD-_zPJbmQ1w/s800/IMG_20230327_160043.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="800" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwIH-8GfRrZyTZQrU_nad23SBL8aTjIxYn6-EXth5yYdbfJPO-atlLX_m0ZQv3UMiaxu7bZwHvHvhM4vt3LH8zznpcMSFcssmjG54pRNLJciKUTVi-p8iY_Qx61uXS1avY7GXyNN1QOBy3bSVSCBilh6HRnaZ8sna_QSy9AA7j6fjgaKJD-_zPJbmQ1w/w400-h180/IMG_20230327_160043.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In 2020 I was able to acquire a
shipping tessera to ease my regret, ex Italo Vecchi collection. Better still,
the piece was a plated specimen from Stannard’s paper (type 1B, specimen 10.1).
More than that it had also been illustrated in a paper by Ladich in Cronica
Numismatica in 2008.</span></span><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">I’ve now picked up two further shipping
tesserae:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcKgy145VJ1dV3eA6LskQaZGQhaCqrGNZFC8nn3Q8ceuRmzLDPn9KMi-EVXKoYpK-hGKX_Xg6p2VycsPoAOmE3N6BElnSuKdI7dS8hbSxlosW9r0b0j_6I0PIE7ljWnXfGJVxrqOopJkwUN9F-EF9CuebeaBuU3ymznbeat7rOsKtLoskyHjkz2pbP2Q/s763/IMG_20230327_160203.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="763" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcKgy145VJ1dV3eA6LskQaZGQhaCqrGNZFC8nn3Q8ceuRmzLDPn9KMi-EVXKoYpK-hGKX_Xg6p2VycsPoAOmE3N6BElnSuKdI7dS8hbSxlosW9r0b0j_6I0PIE7ljWnXfGJVxrqOopJkwUN9F-EF9CuebeaBuU3ymznbeat7rOsKtLoskyHjkz2pbP2Q/w400-h178/IMG_20230327_160203.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt;">There’s a boat type 1B, illustrated by
Stannard in Numismatic Chronicle, 13.2. This piece is also illustrated by Keay,
figure 29, number 501.017. The sale catalogue notes the provenance as “Romanphile”
collection, aka Italo Vecchi. The cataloguer misses the Stannard plate identification.</span><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKmhN_SfASKuULADAvgixVdQdpZxMQbE0GX6VfCOxa93mCTDnjL100uPn5xb9dtt1hLKYvjSFPK_Y46JUR58EVgs6yjZjv63jQf-YDwnF_n2GVCJB29lGzonWWp2JF2aqJ3yrVQyMIOnqTHxQCUh_LYQbgwiIgedDaXAR018vZUaOc_QS91wGrtSCX5g/s757/IMG_20230327_160119.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="757" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKmhN_SfASKuULADAvgixVdQdpZxMQbE0GX6VfCOxa93mCTDnjL100uPn5xb9dtt1hLKYvjSFPK_Y46JUR58EVgs6yjZjv63jQf-YDwnF_n2GVCJB29lGzonWWp2JF2aqJ3yrVQyMIOnqTHxQCUh_LYQbgwiIgedDaXAR018vZUaOc_QS91wGrtSCX5g/w400-h181/IMG_20230327_160119.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">There is also an example of Stannard's horse type 2C, specimen 10.2 in his plates. This is another “Romanophile” piece. Again
the cataloguer misses the Stannard plate identification and, as with my first
shipping tessera, this piece is also illustrated by Ladich.</span></span><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">The use of these paranumismatic items
needs to be questioned. The greatest number have been found around the the area of Ostia, the port of Rome and, given the most prominent design, are likely linked to a shipping or trade use. Stannard postulates that these items may have been some
sort of tally system for the loading or off-loading of cargo from sea going vessels
to alternative inland transport, either by boat or horse. Given the predominant
nature of the designs encountered this may look to be the most obvious solution.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Keay suggests an alternate hypothesis,
albeit with little confidence, that these may, be some sort of token for ferry use
for crossing the waters in the busy port environs such as Ostia. This is also appealing given the type of craft depicted on the most abundant tesserae. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Whatever the case the fact that these
or manufactured in bronze, rather than lead or other, less substantial materials,
shows that they were probably meant for re-use rather than some ephemeral purpose.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Bibliography</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Keay, S, “The role played by the Portus
Augusti in flows of commerce between Rome and it’s Mediterranean ports”, in
Woytek, B, Infrastructure and Distribution in Ancient Economies; Proceedings of
a conference held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 28-31 October 2014; 2018,
pp 147-74<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Ladich, M, “Sono tessere e non
frizioni di follaro” Cronaca Numismatica 190, November 2008, p 58<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Stannard, C, “Shipping tesserae
from Ostia and Minturnae?”, NC 2015, pp 147-54<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<!--EndFragment-->Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-6175721574259006362023-03-09T23:07:00.005+00:002023-03-09T23:29:21.909+00:00Tetartemoria of Latmos, Cilicia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7M4IRA2kI76pxLLnIXD9O_UePWufIGCUu76dRGVlPH6Psq6FTmDis3niRbqHguAlBwt-qc1MzhQsUgltYntJ7UwA5tFM0i8THBwKMwEmA6pYYkq7y0euguqa0xZF_BI_XIS-LmvQ8vcCq8BH-j-UV9mXNLJTCV1SjlgytbXDZX2SbaG6VZ1JLtdUAg/s800/IMG_20220228_211846.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7M4IRA2kI76pxLLnIXD9O_UePWufIGCUu76dRGVlPH6Psq6FTmDis3niRbqHguAlBwt-qc1MzhQsUgltYntJ7UwA5tFM0i8THBwKMwEmA6pYYkq7y0euguqa0xZF_BI_XIS-LmvQ8vcCq8BH-j-UV9mXNLJTCV1SjlgytbXDZX2SbaG6VZ1JLtdUAg/w400-h200/IMG_20220228_211846.png" width="400" /></a></div><!--StartFragment-->
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">In 2005 Koray Konuk, the
authority on Cilician coinage, identified a new location for the production of
silver coin, Latmos. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Latmos is named after the
mountain it resides under, the peaks known today as the Besparmak mountains.
Indeed, the geographer Strabo (63BC - 24AD) actually calls the city Heraclea
under Latmos, although that is apparently a relocation approximately 1km to the
west of the original Latmos sometime after being conquered by Mausollos in the
4<sup>th</sup> century BC. During the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC it was part of
the Delian League. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Konuk initially published a
corpus of five coins, in three styles, all of the same basic design. On the
obverse is the portrait of a kouros, a boy, right, or occasionally left. Sometimes the head is bearded, others not, but there is no real support to Konuk's assertion of a female head. The reverse is a stylised
monogram of LAT with the T being over the twin peaks of the Greek letters of lambda
and alpha. It has been suggested that this arrangement is to reflect the
mountain(s) adjacent the city and the letter T is actually a denomination
indicator. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">The coins are tiny, all known
specimens being tetartemoria, measuring around 6mm in diameter and weighing
around 0.15 grammes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Since acquiring my piece, a variant
of Konuk’s issue B, I have tried to record all the specimens that come onto the
market and that number is still a relatively small population of 15 coins of
all styles. This number does include a number of new die identities. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 11.7pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOG0MhhRMuZXBouuGaw1Sm469yyjxxMPjdgNzlQBeF1SMPD2lTqJ3aK29cec0tS5n_vhUzHuVS_-cw4_xaEBOLcssO6xrm-_rh1jw_D7qcu-8UMDnxutJbJusYiydrLVQPW_wQ05n4cYHq9pWpQN72e7azTJdvDJ2W0O0wXG86tSL-7SyRkTevPTeyzA/s998/IMG_20230309_230331.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="998" data-original-width="720" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOG0MhhRMuZXBouuGaw1Sm469yyjxxMPjdgNzlQBeF1SMPD2lTqJ3aK29cec0tS5n_vhUzHuVS_-cw4_xaEBOLcssO6xrm-_rh1jw_D7qcu-8UMDnxutJbJusYiydrLVQPW_wQ05n4cYHq9pWpQN72e7azTJdvDJ2W0O0wXG86tSL-7SyRkTevPTeyzA/w289-h400/IMG_20230309_230331.png" width="289" /></a></div><i><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Konuk's original classification of issues</i></div></i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 11.7pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span></p>
<!--EndFragment-->Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-87079797869159379992023-01-24T23:45:00.000+00:002023-01-24T23:45:20.211+00:00Interpreting the design of the geometric quarters of the Durotriges<p style="text-align: justify;">We are always encouraged to specialise in numismatic collection and study. That can, however, lead to a blinkered approach in interpretation, albeit unintentional.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Aq_noL4OcynAAAFsWs3AePh3CuVbuKIqQxLlPrHcJet8arQSoLH1aDiAVaWBb7UHz-QAoTHQko077-p7l3p8BGlFbqT2ycwXojsd9R_vrGN-JoKgV89Ixrn8zEnAhJ7dJ8y5iFnue9zQ-xveauTd0wmKJ1ROp_WLfmv8XbcrPOUCE0cKQmss-QVt2A/s2324/IMG_20230124_225337~2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2117" data-original-width="2324" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Aq_noL4OcynAAAFsWs3AePh3CuVbuKIqQxLlPrHcJet8arQSoLH1aDiAVaWBb7UHz-QAoTHQko077-p7l3p8BGlFbqT2ycwXojsd9R_vrGN-JoKgV89Ixrn8zEnAhJ7dJ8y5iFnue9zQ-xveauTd0wmKJ1ROp_WLfmv8XbcrPOUCE0cKQmss-QVt2A/s320/IMG_20230124_225337~2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Durotriges geometric quarter stater</div><p style="text-align: justify;">I will cite one particular example, the silver quarter staters of the Durotriges known as the “geometric type” (Mack 319, Van Ardsell 1242/29, Spink 368). An earlier similar type of quarter stater is also known in gold.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The reverse is described as zigzag pattern in the Spink catalogue, whilst the obverse is a crescent design. The explanation of the obverse design has been elaborated on by some writers. In the orientation it appears in the Spink catalogue the spined crescent has been interpreted as a boar. Others have chosen to rotate the crescent 180 degrees for it to become a boat with occupants, an invocation of the sun maiden and her brothers, the heavenly twins (Nash-Briggs, D; “Reading the image on Iron-Age coins:1 the sun boat and its passengers”, Chris Rudd list 104, 2009).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDxBonDz8XuhggHdAE4arZykGwoFYYANKXf0UyvfrSksejqHCUu0YSDMV82BXojwi34iMdVRmQPoXWfMhQFxs3WMPcybB9CuoEcosX_BaMNx3JdvSjrjyEcIebkG72tn12Qr52KVHZCg71KxVS7MBJP4hHPdW-7DfIJ3RecSSn7eZ3-34achcr_yaMg/s797/IMG_20230124_233744.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="797" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDxBonDz8XuhggHdAE4arZykGwoFYYANKXf0UyvfrSksejqHCUu0YSDMV82BXojwi34iMdVRmQPoXWfMhQFxs3WMPcybB9CuoEcosX_BaMNx3JdvSjrjyEcIebkG72tn12Qr52KVHZCg71KxVS7MBJP4hHPdW-7DfIJ3RecSSn7eZ3-34achcr_yaMg/s320/IMG_20230124_233744.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Macedon, tetradrachm, Babylon mint</div><p style="text-align: justify;">All these interpretations are, I believe, incorrect. I believe that the type derives from the Macedonian tetradrachm and drachms of Alexander the Great and his successors with Alexander in the scalp of the Nemean lion on the obverse and Zeus seated on the reverse. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggbiakulFpdFoT5jrhk26rIll7k7faBHAM3SJKQSUMgCNUchxbSQ0XtZBcKSSGHkBT3gbVAQd4K77QUsfD3poP7_SvnYzyNyCpQvKf7ODclBvLUPwKG-eUVBJpJt7ocx_sOl-xsdivmpvUG9xkz7ZcPTA5HE4YMdu4e5KPmi7HDty4lsZm_ukUp7YqBA/s3107/IMG_20230124_230351~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3107" data-original-width="3014" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggbiakulFpdFoT5jrhk26rIll7k7faBHAM3SJKQSUMgCNUchxbSQ0XtZBcKSSGHkBT3gbVAQd4K77QUsfD3poP7_SvnYzyNyCpQvKf7ODclBvLUPwKG-eUVBJpJt7ocx_sOl-xsdivmpvUG9xkz7ZcPTA5HE4YMdu4e5KPmi7HDty4lsZm_ukUp7YqBA/s320/IMG_20230124_230351~2.jpg" width="310" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Himyarite tetradrachm</div><p style="text-align: justify;">A series of imitations of the type, of somewhat crude design, are known from Himyarites in Arabia Felix in the 1st century BC. Rotating the Spink illustration of the Durotriges coin 45 degrees anticlockwise gives you the lion's scalp the other feature form the prominent facial features, forehead, ear and/or chin etc. Rotating the reverse zigzag and you get the impression of the seated Zeus, to the right or left, even though on the Macedonian prototype it is always to the left. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyEU_3oRDyVQllrzUndWIvsoOWsthI1NvG648ZPABTEuJdVgNI0bvMm4LQrtQCQHH-eKyi-pHA8GIXTGAMNyg6wesKgeXfuI3gMlidJBh1BKasw8q8l-tf7H11hKPQxeS_fMdwKtgoxOKPKYaUwd9SvdcoxTDmpUN9e5IOe1luYFyIZuhiop65XSxIRA/s3235/IMG_20230124_225751~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3235" data-original-width="1773" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyEU_3oRDyVQllrzUndWIvsoOWsthI1NvG648ZPABTEuJdVgNI0bvMm4LQrtQCQHH-eKyi-pHA8GIXTGAMNyg6wesKgeXfuI3gMlidJBh1BKasw8q8l-tf7H11hKPQxeS_fMdwKtgoxOKPKYaUwd9SvdcoxTDmpUN9e5IOe1luYFyIZuhiop65XSxIRA/s320/IMG_20230124_225751~2.jpg" width="175" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Himyarite drachm</div><p style="text-align: justify;">Given that the Macedonian Apollo stater of Philip II was copied and degenerated in its westward progression there can be little doubt that the Herakles tetradrachm and drachm was also copied westwards and that its progression should stop in the Balkans with the Danubian Celts.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3RDFjm72eA7U-VI26umw_IhLIGZ6wx6d5j2xX4At-yUCGE_D91cEmTXl5r_owyJzdp61pMZigkkygZ9cUs-OVW7dSRNHjIP7phwbnq5HJKz3fMo84_nnUub98HIzT_fLBzxRDD8QCA1ha0lxprGLHkF0N8HokVcBCC_DvSLhBbVLgGtqrHPrC8xQI9A/s771/IMG_20230124_233835.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="771" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3RDFjm72eA7U-VI26umw_IhLIGZ6wx6d5j2xX4At-yUCGE_D91cEmTXl5r_owyJzdp61pMZigkkygZ9cUs-OVW7dSRNHjIP7phwbnq5HJKz3fMo84_nnUub98HIzT_fLBzxRDD8QCA1ha0lxprGLHkF0N8HokVcBCC_DvSLhBbVLgGtqrHPrC8xQI9A/s320/IMG_20230124_233835.png" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;">Danubian Celts tetradrachm</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-76703050116164177712022-10-26T20:45:00.000+01:002022-10-26T20:45:30.427+01:00The provenance of an aureus of Allectus in the BM<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZW7hNbuKb6sFYiLaXBsjzJZ3w9ZDOV4W51gcQEevr1FntFmDOjb_oqBugvSJ1rZVHIqNxe0aVHMMEUxiGDu44clO7gdekb24m7XGzQozZDQhuAL_N7UByyorBunLKrbTXli5pRYGHaqk4vk5iXoQPYIftUjb6qVW18gtsITPxqb1M9ImNc6bEfF2aPQ/s2310/IMG_20221026_110454~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1217" data-original-width="2310" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZW7hNbuKb6sFYiLaXBsjzJZ3w9ZDOV4W51gcQEevr1FntFmDOjb_oqBugvSJ1rZVHIqNxe0aVHMMEUxiGDu44clO7gdekb24m7XGzQozZDQhuAL_N7UByyorBunLKrbTXli5pRYGHaqk4vk5iXoQPYIftUjb6qVW18gtsITPxqb1M9ImNc6bEfF2aPQ/s320/IMG_20221026_110454~2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>When the late Dr Mead’s collection came up for auction in 1755
it did not include the “Oriuna” denarius of Carausius, that had previously been given to the King of
France. What it did have, however, was an aureus of Allectus, lot 110 and
reproduced on the plate. The engraving of the coin is true to life showing
distinctive flan imperfections, such as the partial border on the left of the
reverse. With such detail it was
possible to verify, using Burnett’s paper on the coinage of Allectus (BNJ 1984)
that the coin now resides in the British Museum collection.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Z9gHf5kU1jluM2JvZ50P4iAwuiNiMSyfB4ACLlG1UTIT5hnqKweVU2YO3zXvld5X3ac9q_-_o8YUan9rQOyLAHEcUFmRUe6N1NgflWXwRHwWts_xQqzLuccvANU5kCHK7CbrvG3wAGoDAAsSwjYIQV_9IiK-s1HPSJN5JmD6lb20mhvkcdYTXAdx-g/s3679/IMG_20221026_110245~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3679" data-original-width="2539" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Z9gHf5kU1jluM2JvZ50P4iAwuiNiMSyfB4ACLlG1UTIT5hnqKweVU2YO3zXvld5X3ac9q_-_o8YUan9rQOyLAHEcUFmRUe6N1NgflWXwRHwWts_xQqzLuccvANU5kCHK7CbrvG3wAGoDAAsSwjYIQV_9IiK-s1HPSJN5JmD6lb20mhvkcdYTXAdx-g/s320/IMG_20221026_110245~2.jpg" width="221" /></a></div>By using the online catalogue to the BM collection we can
get the accession number,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1864,1128.179,
and note that the coin was acquired from Edward Wigan by gift in 1864. The
online citation notes Mead as the possible source but, from the Mead engraving,
that is not in doubt. Is it possible to trace more of the coins history? The
answer is a resounding yes. <o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5CChZdG3asJwoc9CnV8a8Oxnj0GB151NcCXhZ5Qnsh2vtoXM6Clm00hCtPnIY_Pe_IkWYeI2due2NK-jSH2VBklnpu1uzIymlj_qiyLY_TOop0WFEw0xOyeGP9qz92saEFKdO4_l1DvWtLLNzr9eCBY4g_585fWhZj3WE_Se0Y9sjmUEnqBW63aD-yQ/s4142/IMG_20221026_110554~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1931" data-original-width="4142" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5CChZdG3asJwoc9CnV8a8Oxnj0GB151NcCXhZ5Qnsh2vtoXM6Clm00hCtPnIY_Pe_IkWYeI2due2NK-jSH2VBklnpu1uzIymlj_qiyLY_TOop0WFEw0xOyeGP9qz92saEFKdO4_l1DvWtLLNzr9eCBY4g_585fWhZj3WE_Se0Y9sjmUEnqBW63aD-yQ/w400-h186/IMG_20221026_110554~2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>My original copy of the Mead catalogue is hand annotated
with all the buyers names and prices. Lot 110, the aureus, fetched £21/5 and
was bought by Lord Charles Cavendish. Cavendish was the youngest son of the 2nd
Duke of Devonshire and the father of the scientist Henry Cavendish. <p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYajW7xmfXwNOrD8gxeREoSvOmr9yt9iqG0_FG7fJVD9HsEm0cXkMLdFq05yI-7DDV1Et7sk9iPthhfFSd_qeeulXZJIu9qVeN97AYL4fg1Gc73tBZAGPG_jc_X8w_O_qHCw1U53R-e6MpFq_4Vewrq1mT1yKYUUDLBcHlYiVaP0kpb-6scrbgMZaGKw/s663/IMG_20221026_201410.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="663" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYajW7xmfXwNOrD8gxeREoSvOmr9yt9iqG0_FG7fJVD9HsEm0cXkMLdFq05yI-7DDV1Et7sk9iPthhfFSd_qeeulXZJIu9qVeN97AYL4fg1Gc73tBZAGPG_jc_X8w_O_qHCw1U53R-e6MpFq_4Vewrq1mT1yKYUUDLBcHlYiVaP0kpb-6scrbgMZaGKw/w400-h240/IMG_20221026_201410.png" width="400" /></a></div>The
collection,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>including the Allectus, passed
through the family until 1844 when William Cavendish, 6<sup>th</sup> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duke of Devonshire, sold the collection
through Christies (lot 1239, £10/5). It may be at this time that Wigan
purchased the coin.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The online BM record card for the Allectus contains another
tantalising piece of information and that is that the Allectus was found at
Silchester. This provenance is not in doubt to my mind as the details of the
find are recorded in the personal notes of William Stukeley and mention that
the ORIENS aureus ended up in the collection of Dr Mead. The entry reads as
follows:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“22 December 1748. At the Royal Society. A long account of
the old Roman city of Silchester, by Mr Ward, accompanied with a ground plot
from an actual survey: and an intire (sic) flat Roman brick. The streets are
very visible in the corn in the dry years, especially those two crossing each
other from the four gates. He says there’s one place in the city called Silver
Hill, remarkable for the many silver coyns (sic) found there, and some gold. One
he gave to Dr Mead, of Allectus, finely preserved, reverse ORIENS AVG, exergue
ML.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<!--EndFragment-->Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-43383791249347738312022-10-04T21:46:00.007+01:002022-10-04T21:57:37.810+01:00A pomegranate privy mark on a coin of Side<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwfQGpMz72JcZtdJnDtYIMr49Dqf7jIrk849Ae8aebqozPLTcvnDpA-yCNggITgAb8RBawMlL8VwrypJyKsKEAdoYgiCnro2z9CYqdyHJUWquRX_EzMHsE90LxpwTnvT-eLfdRHE2g6QYxUNScI-ckLfuqxarR9QIRuOXKwE8COY712kJSzSDn1rlykQ/s2578/IMG_20221004_204617~2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2578" data-original-width="2019" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwfQGpMz72JcZtdJnDtYIMr49Dqf7jIrk849Ae8aebqozPLTcvnDpA-yCNggITgAb8RBawMlL8VwrypJyKsKEAdoYgiCnro2z9CYqdyHJUWquRX_EzMHsE90LxpwTnvT-eLfdRHE2g6QYxUNScI-ckLfuqxarR9QIRuOXKwE8COY712kJSzSDn1rlykQ/s320/IMG_20221004_204617~2.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br />In the early 1970s Konrad Kraft published a work on Roman civic coins that identified a number of cities that shared obverse dies. Although familiar with his ideas I have not had the opportunity to read this work. I am lucky enough though to have a modern continuation of his ideas, George Watson’s Connections, Communities and Coinage: The System of Coin Production in Southern Asia Minor, AD 218-276 (ANS, 2019).
<p></p><p>Watson provides a detailed account of obverse mint styles, principally four, that suggest the centralised production of dies. He stays short of postulation centralised production and also recognising that the production of flans can be separate from the production of the dies.
</p><p>He also suggests that the obverses were cut for specific cities and only as an “afterlife” were they used by other cities.
</p><p><!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 29.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH-jX1gmW-Q1TVCGo_XbS_EHsvX_1TC_AhovhCcSH6w_jsdgu3crn8HB2AY_8jhW4Mp86ISkVv2M2tPtZH5Dpbq4ijtVaCC9HwdlurkmZ_cypepl46OCjvAzcqAmXgIFqhe440afzWNre1O4f7q3VPH2RhrnnpYhgsWWpginJ1w95kxzgeZW1sDicMBQ/s2783/IMG_20221004_130816~2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2783" data-original-width="2707" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH-jX1gmW-Q1TVCGo_XbS_EHsvX_1TC_AhovhCcSH6w_jsdgu3crn8HB2AY_8jhW4Mp86ISkVv2M2tPtZH5Dpbq4ijtVaCC9HwdlurkmZ_cypepl46OCjvAzcqAmXgIFqhe440afzWNre1O4f7q3VPH2RhrnnpYhgsWWpginJ1w95kxzgeZW1sDicMBQ/w194-h200/IMG_20221004_130816~2.jpg" width="194" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.1pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1cxhzJOO66ubv9tEe2jrf5oZsr3c74tPUSwGX0XQsLocMNNQWDmrrbVI5_MgVnTIdkAc9mUcDLxnMnC_LI16X5_rGWurltp8BQWI-lUbb3M3DymXNNu1RVOBsm7ozav5kkDdIMT4MzlEkXTV1KOi-qsEefmFllkqrY9dTYxqSN0ehwCc3kEczbR77Qw/s2596/IMG_20221004_130827~2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2596" data-original-width="2505" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1cxhzJOO66ubv9tEe2jrf5oZsr3c74tPUSwGX0XQsLocMNNQWDmrrbVI5_MgVnTIdkAc9mUcDLxnMnC_LI16X5_rGWurltp8BQWI-lUbb3M3DymXNNu1RVOBsm7ozav5kkDdIMT4MzlEkXTV1KOi-qsEefmFllkqrY9dTYxqSN0ehwCc3kEczbR77Qw/w193-h200/IMG_20221004_130827~2.jpg" width="193" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 448.1pt;" valign="top" width="597">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><o:p> Salonina, Side, 11 assaria (revalued to 5 assaria)</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><o:p>Watson 1738</o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p>I am fortunate to have a coin struck from a very particular die from Side in Pamphylia that he cites in support of this (I won’t rehearse all the arguments here) . Its an 11 assaria piece of Salonina (countermarked on the obverse over the IA denomination mark with an E to revalue as a 5 assaria piece) that, although showing the stylistic traits of the central cutting style of Workshop A, shows a feature that can only associate it with Side. Above the bust of Salonina is a pomegranate, the badge of Side. This die, V135 in the catalogue, although coming from the central die source could only find a sensible use at Side.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdSVG0HQj2qxhwlrDBccLB6T_uoJGsxPHBAeutWPxPG4FTt3ZwehDer8tw1JF6UJxcAbKkf9mBgOa9PemmGn2VZGR2iv0fZyRrc6fWYt3ucHBGAGP20Ls7c7NKWjspeDcHCV88-2Ze2RcWBFiY8_XVUJoql8qU6xn6wBJKgDqoZivhDXr0ekynkHS85w/s2534/IMG_20221004_133545~2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2238" data-original-width="2534" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdSVG0HQj2qxhwlrDBccLB6T_uoJGsxPHBAeutWPxPG4FTt3ZwehDer8tw1JF6UJxcAbKkf9mBgOa9PemmGn2VZGR2iv0fZyRrc6fWYt3ucHBGAGP20Ls7c7NKWjspeDcHCV88-2Ze2RcWBFiY8_XVUJoql8qU6xn6wBJKgDqoZivhDXr0ekynkHS85w/s320/IMG_20221004_133545~2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Pomegranate detail from obverse</i></p><p><br /></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-24302718697136824312022-08-09T21:14:00.000+01:002022-08-09T21:14:10.934+01:00The owner of the Arras hoard, perhaps? <p>August 2022 is almost a century since the hoard of gold coins, medallions and other items was discovered. Although the 1922 Arras hoard (also known as the Beaurains hoard) is not from the time of Carausius, the contents contain numismatic items being through to 315AD, it is inextricably linked to the period. The find contained two aurei from the London mint, struck in the names of Carausius (Huvelin 19) and Maximianus (Huvelin 20), both from the series of coins know colloquially as the three emperors series. However, it is the five aurei piece of Constantius Chlorus from the Trier mint that showed his triumphant entry into London after the defeat of Allectus that the find is best known for.</p><p>The original ownership of the hoard needs to be commented on as there are some unusual features. Are we dealing here with the accumulated savings, bolstered by imperial donativa or gifts of a single individual or, perhaps a couple of individuals possibly with a familial connection?</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk1SuA749TEkUVjADTXIU0MC2j0aX0M9PbiqO823hn4U92YBmhX7GWtQNQJ-Tp4KEwgYA6j8ut2rgkMpbAAIjY8ylYJ1G_AeYJ_cATYNbtc615rNBAPhgy79FwNUmbeiPgOLKeVDzf7VP64VHU_lanGqrVvesLx4TIgK4rNgOW5OkyI9ZbUJ34U8H6GA/s464/IMG_20220809_184804.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="464" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk1SuA749TEkUVjADTXIU0MC2j0aX0M9PbiqO823hn4U92YBmhX7GWtQNQJ-Tp4KEwgYA6j8ut2rgkMpbAAIjY8ylYJ1G_AeYJ_cATYNbtc615rNBAPhgy79FwNUmbeiPgOLKeVDzf7VP64VHU_lanGqrVvesLx4TIgK4rNgOW5OkyI9ZbUJ34U8H6GA/s320/IMG_20220809_184804.png" width="320" /></a></div><p><i>The value of donativa "benchmarks" in the Arras hoard (A=aurei, S=solidi) </i></p><p>From the data we have, reconstructed by Bastien and Metzger in 1977 and known to be incomplete due to theft and potentially the retention by the finders of at least one medallion, it becomes clear from a tabulation of the contents that the material has a western bias and linked to the rise of Constantius, yet declines in value in the reign of his son, Constantine the Great. Are we looking at the accumulated wealth of, say, father and son from their military careers, the reduction in benefits reflecting the son’s youth and lower rank? An alternative hypothesis is that what we have here is the accumulated wealth, boosted by donativa, of a single individual who is close to Maximianus, Constantius and the imperial entourage who retires and receives Constantinian donativa at a lower rate as a mark of ongoing respect for previous faithful service.</p><p>Finally can we append any name to an owner of at least part of this deposit? The answer is yes we can!</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyC_E_8ugkzhjQC-8pyZFi7DupbTr9kl41qZBJFHFCo5G5DnQM8Co5wx96QLpltPUzVg_r5GtiIGufn9sXB4JAkMtAcB8Byz-19mj3uL2t12ImO1ZHTULl0YEhwH_pZtkAaLOLqzWanJQTezrpVmeEOsr03mDLMdtp7TXVkfcX4jkjqhJWpNCVPTv3eQ/s3259/IMG_20220809_201509~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3259" data-original-width="3115" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyC_E_8ugkzhjQC-8pyZFi7DupbTr9kl41qZBJFHFCo5G5DnQM8Co5wx96QLpltPUzVg_r5GtiIGufn9sXB4JAkMtAcB8Byz-19mj3uL2t12ImO1ZHTULl0YEhwH_pZtkAaLOLqzWanJQTezrpVmeEOsr03mDLMdtp7TXVkfcX4jkjqhJWpNCVPTv3eQ/s320/IMG_20220809_201509~2.jpg" width="306" /></a></div><p>The largest known medallion in the find is a unique 9 aurei piece of Constantine I (reported as 10 aurei, RIC VI Trier 801) from AD 310. This piece, Bastien and Metzger 446, offered in the first of Sotheby's Nelson Bunker Hunt sales (19 June 1990, lot 156) clearly shows graffiti on both the obverse and reverse. When the same medallion was offered in the NAC sale of the Martin Schoyen collection (9 April 1996, Lot 406) the graffito on the left of the figure of Constantine on the reverse was read, anticlockwise, as VITALIANI P P O.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfoYNxXgRSjFZgoUJp5xxBZOnAAUSP32bfhrtyNGll-6z8Wt08XrDLAqlL126yqRf60bbctfB_lQX7Pib7uWj-OWDou2_Fz6_5ZGbIMcs_hU8XaW3krm3QeBwLkQ-K4wckxwhr5ZwAZ8fGRoRvL-24gJt3KyNlpCsSShyLPGOWm2ZdqNY9w6tKAZOQ6Q/s3120/IMG_20220809_201521~2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3115" data-original-width="3120" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfoYNxXgRSjFZgoUJp5xxBZOnAAUSP32bfhrtyNGll-6z8Wt08XrDLAqlL126yqRf60bbctfB_lQX7Pib7uWj-OWDou2_Fz6_5ZGbIMcs_hU8XaW3krm3QeBwLkQ-K4wckxwhr5ZwAZ8fGRoRvL-24gJt3KyNlpCsSShyLPGOWm2ZdqNY9w6tKAZOQ6Q/s320/IMG_20220809_201521~2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>What is known of this individual, the praetorian prefect Vitalianus? Sadly nothing. The PLRE is silent on his career. It does allow us, at least, to attach one named individual to one piece in the find and, perhaps, reconstruct the career, through imperial gifts, of a high ranking individual in the western provinces during the late third and early fourth centuries AD. </p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-16217945364593374502022-06-12T17:30:00.001+01:002022-06-12T17:31:54.442+01:00Roman coin names - again<p><!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 29.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJoTDT8-imEwr7UbhCFivkpQtVx6KsnkR_JkEqw8sToFfnjeKdhegcZJCCKlnsOhNtVOhKT1Bs1z8OcJQeyuTYLQJHR6qR-eVlXACuQ68NPQ_-DghCQKsotZCnzlVEg2Tc7E3ET6mhSpyFWeuIRYBVOjBFNYIN26I-5ipvsezEvt1zvXOwZYfEMOycA/s4160/IMG_20220611_112352.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJoTDT8-imEwr7UbhCFivkpQtVx6KsnkR_JkEqw8sToFfnjeKdhegcZJCCKlnsOhNtVOhKT1Bs1z8OcJQeyuTYLQJHR6qR-eVlXACuQ68NPQ_-DghCQKsotZCnzlVEg2Tc7E3ET6mhSpyFWeuIRYBVOjBFNYIN26I-5ipvsezEvt1zvXOwZYfEMOycA/w150-h200/IMG_20220611_112352.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><p></p></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.1pt;" valign="top" width="299"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p><br /></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6zBFK1522PLpdvTJYshe7AcpQ7H7T6Bknt7mDnhRw6B3UJuE_5piZc_5Y-IywUgUExTRAWLEA3tXx3HlyZql95zWDRN45P9tLKCQOfmcS-nysX83H24S7fYlKzH_fhD0Yw4OHFGRTi9XDlDjLJhX_gKLVAw0vaOpkQyC6qEyIV-jOJ_xnf-leF1AYhw/s4160/IMG_20220611_112402.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6zBFK1522PLpdvTJYshe7AcpQ7H7T6Bknt7mDnhRw6B3UJuE_5piZc_5Y-IywUgUExTRAWLEA3tXx3HlyZql95zWDRN45P9tLKCQOfmcS-nysX83H24S7fYlKzH_fhD0Yw4OHFGRTi9XDlDjLJhX_gKLVAw0vaOpkQyC6qEyIV-jOJ_xnf-leF1AYhw/w150-h200/IMG_20220611_112402.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p>I want to return to something that at I've posted about before and that is what the Romans actually called their coins. The names we refer to them today are often a modern construct, yet we refer to them as if it is solid fact.</p><p>Today I want to consider the FEL TEMP REPARATIO coins instigated in AD 348.</p><p>The coin legend type was introduced, probably, in AD 348. It was initially produced in three sizes/denominations, the largest marked A contained c. 2.5% silver. The next size smaller, marked N, had a smaller proportion of silver, c. 1.5%, and the smallest unmarked pieces no detectable silver. It soon ended up as only a single denomination of reducing size and was eventually ceased around AD 359.</p><p>Modern collectors often group all the issues under the single heading of "cententionales", but this appears to be misguided given the documentary evidence available.</p><p><!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 29.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9j0wLUXW3XRFAdzn65L1oKhKwN0ZYy0tUCqyVVOCMXHOpGtraP6kqmHfQdj-wwv5P3LDzRV4ygdyH-QrYuVDAJnfYFenSUq0iA7KBX_aVy3jH4WbIetotI_4O9pd64c1j2HjGuWdlNLcfzELpImaduEuVnk0J1tx42501Yj64xOpX_s-EMDU2a9ePww/s4160/IMG_20220611_112417.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9j0wLUXW3XRFAdzn65L1oKhKwN0ZYy0tUCqyVVOCMXHOpGtraP6kqmHfQdj-wwv5P3LDzRV4ygdyH-QrYuVDAJnfYFenSUq0iA7KBX_aVy3jH4WbIetotI_4O9pd64c1j2HjGuWdlNLcfzELpImaduEuVnk0J1tx42501Yj64xOpX_s-EMDU2a9ePww/w150-h200/IMG_20220611_112417.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.1pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrUPHpoGHmzk1Yhm_sebrTWwbGzkmZ_weTnr1fT213RuqIkmbI22Bm-LWI_ikiXfxxX0yUv8aaPE9E0qejLcUQCcSb3fgMSFe7rJFurSZ2E631drM31vOoAalRs_p45zi3aJq4ncn6IFZv3q71UyPvRDDGuRDymLXEiyZuizL0041rRQUGDNOgIAXqGw/s4160/IMG_20220611_112427.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrUPHpoGHmzk1Yhm_sebrTWwbGzkmZ_weTnr1fT213RuqIkmbI22Bm-LWI_ikiXfxxX0yUv8aaPE9E0qejLcUQCcSb3fgMSFe7rJFurSZ2E631drM31vOoAalRs_p45zi3aJq4ncn6IFZv3q71UyPvRDDGuRDymLXEiyZuizL0041rRQUGDNOgIAXqGw/w150-h200/IMG_20220611_112427.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p>There is the law, posted on 12th February 349 AD (Codex Theodosius IX.21.6):</p><p>"We have learned that some metalworkers [flatuarii] purify the maiorina coins [maiorina pecunia] frequently and criminally, by separating the silver from the bronze. If any persons hereafter should be caught in this operation, let him know that he has committed a capital crime, and also those who own the house or land are to be punished by the delivery of their property to the largitiones [imperial largesses]."</p><p>It would thus appear from this edict that the Romans referred to the largest of the Fel Temp Reparatio pieces, that contained at lest a small proportion of silver, as a maiorina. </p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-70531603348980339162022-06-04T19:13:00.002+01:002022-06-04T19:27:34.285+01:00Some Gallienus coins from Antioch<p><!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 29.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCPOQNfHldDkLwmzZGlXGIJsOyCRf2RqDxRvXukZqraDfCs3Tq_C9BzsjS40B52rz8qm1718oEkgYz8iXDmbExubPSLw_Rge5bOG7JFOF4pyXu2ecayP4_CM6SNtXLLkVWR7eZXIRG2-WgZWNbwk14fwUrxxbB6D97TGIPegZLV0o1ECcvWfM6-NGGEQ/s760/IMG_20220604_184041.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="716" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCPOQNfHldDkLwmzZGlXGIJsOyCRf2RqDxRvXukZqraDfCs3Tq_C9BzsjS40B52rz8qm1718oEkgYz8iXDmbExubPSLw_Rge5bOG7JFOF4pyXu2ecayP4_CM6SNtXLLkVWR7eZXIRG2-WgZWNbwk14fwUrxxbB6D97TGIPegZLV0o1ECcvWfM6-NGGEQ/w188-h200/IMG_20220604_184041.jpg" width="188" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.1pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqh4M366KYrKodlgG41kwimCtUG9duZh2SREqOjP6ocn-wx2SDf4ITr67grpkemAiaGmh794QsSQKMYcDDC2QPhmPHmaplOzIojqM3k40Bfe--E1O6_MfB27MlqVO1WY_om3v6NjwZxe-8_kTJunexvHQoaubDfLuKFhtdMdsl-r-AtrvpH2SntJAyA/s781/IMG_20220604_184134.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="727" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqh4M366KYrKodlgG41kwimCtUG9duZh2SREqOjP6ocn-wx2SDf4ITr67grpkemAiaGmh794QsSQKMYcDDC2QPhmPHmaplOzIojqM3k40Bfe--E1O6_MfB27MlqVO1WY_om3v6NjwZxe-8_kTJunexvHQoaubDfLuKFhtdMdsl-r-AtrvpH2SntJAyA/w186-h200/IMG_20220604_184134.jpg" width="186" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p>One feature of he Moneta Imperii Romani (MIR) volume that covers Gallienus is the tabular catalogue arrangement that allows for bust variants not encountered by Goebl to be accommodated in the arrangement.</p><p>An example of that is this Antioch Gallienus. MIR 1655b from emission 13a, Sol.with globe rather than the whip. He noted just 3 examples with the radiate draped bust (MIR 1655a), but none with the radiate cuirassed bust.</p><p>I must get around to picking off the hard green deposit on the reverse.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><!--StartFragment-->
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 29.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsyVTY_XT_wA_b3tL8GhaDr9sEhJs63JlscODbSAdI_iq-ipvhHBaQon8xdYazAClOPS9FgqCcwCZirIe8yio3VQfpOZEdbJFlEOn08BZpBEvtqLJiMdg7unksDz9hSskNZ2-iOUpcvXYFtdgjebcsM_SJWttB0MnpEIg6pF0tbY9bFl0bI7mnvMeIHw/s747/IMG_20220604_184222.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="724" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsyVTY_XT_wA_b3tL8GhaDr9sEhJs63JlscODbSAdI_iq-ipvhHBaQon8xdYazAClOPS9FgqCcwCZirIe8yio3VQfpOZEdbJFlEOn08BZpBEvtqLJiMdg7unksDz9hSskNZ2-iOUpcvXYFtdgjebcsM_SJWttB0MnpEIg6pF0tbY9bFl0bI7mnvMeIHw/w194-h200/IMG_20220604_184222.jpg" width="194" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.1pt;" valign="top" width="299">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-dlZQ2-b8ZDTCmKl6d6yfxU6PdjcAvvKLoMCoNJgabf5Awi5bbGxT_yf09HZHbRCHA9mjNqlFjQH_08noB9TGt68-JncMC71wB4qcCGOY3Fl4jfcgglkAQri0frdg4sHcFvw5hwdwMIRh9gfDFAtK0T7qr4yOQkGa7KFuTkhwV_LTuafSnQ7h_aONg/s759/IMG_20220604_184542.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="728" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-dlZQ2-b8ZDTCmKl6d6yfxU6PdjcAvvKLoMCoNJgabf5Awi5bbGxT_yf09HZHbRCHA9mjNqlFjQH_08noB9TGt68-JncMC71wB4qcCGOY3Fl4jfcgglkAQri0frdg4sHcFvw5hwdwMIRh9gfDFAtK0T7qr4yOQkGa7KFuTkhwV_LTuafSnQ7h_aONg/w192-h200/IMG_20220604_184542.jpg" width="192" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--EndFragment--></div><p>Another coin of Gallienus from Antioch, this time from emission 13a, cf MIR 1641a. It shows a couple of interesting features with the obverse legend. </p><p>First of all there is the common substitution of B for V in IVVENTVS, probably reflecting a dialectic influence. However, the die cutter made a real howler by replacing I with L at the start of the word.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhOJC2JMudoIvxFowCrXJqgZ8Rp2DptXr9VkJ8ED1QKjMr7fM9bN81ip0QcTz1H2wY00NgWTqne2OmQCjwkH-RaS_MHBuFAVird7-mtA_FhN1fEEV-3GcB7Ig1i3a5srN55VGQ-L2Y4iwbT2ASZ6H-6WHgLy6cenO3GNraFeFPgHhU-pQJp8kInIokNw/s793/IMG_20220604_165048.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="793" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhOJC2JMudoIvxFowCrXJqgZ8Rp2DptXr9VkJ8ED1QKjMr7fM9bN81ip0QcTz1H2wY00NgWTqne2OmQCjwkH-RaS_MHBuFAVird7-mtA_FhN1fEEV-3GcB7Ig1i3a5srN55VGQ-L2Y4iwbT2ASZ6H-6WHgLy6cenO3GNraFeFPgHhU-pQJp8kInIokNw/w400-h193/IMG_20220604_165048.png" width="400" /></a></div><p>Finally three Genius antoniniani of Gallienus from Antioch.</p><p>Top coin, curious, GENIV AVG, not listed in MIR but is noted as a footnote to 1630i with the legend error (emission 12).</p><p>Bottom left, GENIVS AVG, branch in exergue, emission 11, MIR 1630a.</p><p>Bottom right, GENIO AVG, branch in exergue, emission 11, MIR 1631a.</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-58206484189256663952022-04-16T22:46:00.000+01:002022-04-16T22:46:09.061+01:00The last Roman aes from Trier (well almost)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEBEFHBlv3PSdxrtePSYEQVIyq3y0KEfj-6CVuao30db1oD_hK25PY-q0M7-GRJvtfEVHIB7Vc6rx_4IX4-yo8ofiAdOMSkFHXm0jJfG-43LfO4NgjbqFoz2MXeoLX-XHtuNEpRbEEji327oxsEpQtZld7bnw0I14ehNYz4DgRv1vb8tNOSCOoKTY3fA/s2929/IMG_20220414_113339~2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2133" data-original-width="2929" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEBEFHBlv3PSdxrtePSYEQVIyq3y0KEfj-6CVuao30db1oD_hK25PY-q0M7-GRJvtfEVHIB7Vc6rx_4IX4-yo8ofiAdOMSkFHXm0jJfG-43LfO4NgjbqFoz2MXeoLX-XHtuNEpRbEEji327oxsEpQtZld7bnw0I14ehNYz4DgRv1vb8tNOSCOoKTY3fA/s320/IMG_20220414_113339~2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div>Sometimes the seemingly most mundane coins can give you a door into the history of the time. Indeed, when professor Grierson was asked about rarities in his vast collection of mediaeval European coins in the interview serialised in Spink Numismatic Circular in 1992 he commented that, whilst he owned some great rarities, it was the everyday coin that the person in the street was using that interested him most.
</div><div><br /></div><div>Take this small parcel of coins of the emperor Arcadius, all VICTORIA AVGGG pieces from the mint city of Trier in Germany and marked TR in the exergue.
</div><div><br /></div><div>The copper coinage at Trier was on a relatively small scale and was often completely absent after 355. The mint of Trier ceased production in 395 after an ephemeral copper issue in the name of Honorius and Arcadius with the reverse legend of VICTORIA AVGG, following the death of Valentinian I.
</div><div>408-13 gold and silver issues in the names of Constantine III and Jovinus were struck. The last issues from the Trier mint were silver and copper in the name of Theodosius II and Valentinian III (425-50), closing for the last time around 430.
</div><div><br /></div><div>These VICTORIA AVGGG pieces, terminating in 394, are the last substantial copper issue from the mint.
</div><div><br /></div><div>Given the sporadic coin issues it is worth exploring the history of the area at that time and we learn that it is rather troubled.
</div><div><br /></div><div>Sometime after the death of Valentinian, the office of praefectus praetorio Galliarum was removed from Trier to Arles. It would be tempting to link this to the cessation of base metal coin at Trier in 395, but this is not necessarily the case.
</div><div><br /></div><div>In 401 Stilicho recalled troops from the Rhine, having already been partially depleted by Eugenius for his move against Valentinian, and this loss of military presence may mean the relocation of the praefectus. It could even be some five years or so later. </div><div><br /></div><div>In 406/7 there was an invasion of Vandals, Alani and Suebi. They crossed the frozen Rhine at Mainz 31 Dec 406, the people of Trier making a “last stand” in the amphitheatre, if the chronicler Fredegar is correct, in 407.
</div><div><br /></div><div>Grierson, P, and Mays, M; Catalogue of late Roman coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection (1992)
</div><div>Pearce, J. W. E; Roman Imperial Coinage IX (1932)
</div><div>Wightman, E. M; Roman Trier and the Treveri (1970)
</div><div>Wightman, E. M; Gallia Belgica (1985)
</div><div><br /></div>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-38457569596341846742022-04-10T10:35:00.004+01:002022-04-15T09:44:35.379+01:00A twelve labours denarius of Postumus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1TRGjX9Fg0CxeIeLLVBPNMCAFenXQXqERT423OqzPT3865ic9vgvnPP54gGDuk1eT73TTfLOaNoz6J9Owk8EsPBaaKo1VWPhvgkpSiaXXZbA9VA9FZdb3PpmnTAKm2w_vAIHhnPrqCGhlaStEX5VKv2Xat_zNJVhhxhw2OkbN5m_KVldLVLK14nfuQ/s859/normal_rjb_2022_04_02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="859" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1TRGjX9Fg0CxeIeLLVBPNMCAFenXQXqERT423OqzPT3865ic9vgvnPP54gGDuk1eT73TTfLOaNoz6J9Owk8EsPBaaKo1VWPhvgkpSiaXXZbA9VA9FZdb3PpmnTAKm2w_vAIHhnPrqCGhlaStEX5VKv2Xat_zNJVhhxhw2OkbN5m_KVldLVLK14nfuQ/s320/normal_rjb_2022_04_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Last year I managed to acquire an example of a coin that had been on my “bucket list” for many years. The coin in question is variously described as a denarius or as an abschlag, an off metal strike from dies intended for gold coinage, in this case an aureus die.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
POSTVMVS PIVS FELIX AVG<br />
Laureate, cuirassed bust of Postumus with bust of Hercules, jugate, right<br />
HERCVLI NEMAEO<br />
Hercules facing left wrestling Nemean lion<br />
Mint 1 (Trier), Schulte group 11a<br />
Schulte 122, RIC 349, Elmer 523
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p>Schulte records a number of aurei and denarii of Postumus with the bust jugate with Hercules on the obverse. However, the coins of Schulte’s 11th group are of particular interest. In this group there are a series of reverse types that depict some of the twelve labours of Hercules.
</p><p>Schulte’s 11th group is dated to AD268 and is associated with the fourth consulate of Postumus and the beginning of his decennalia celebrations, but why the association with the labours? It has been suggested that this special group of coins marks the conclusion of a struggle and it may be no coincidence that Postumus inflicted a defeat on Gallienus at this time. In this defeat we learn from the ancient writer Zonaras that Gallienus was significantly wounded, being struck by an arrow in the back.
</p><p>To support this theory there is, in Schulte’s 11th group, a denarius that combines the Postumus and Hercules jugate bust with the PAX AVG reverse from antoninianus dies, suggesting a period of tranquility was occurring.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9qVDaicSbQ-fdcXzluRcZL2MyonRoD6sIM1myQtln24rKJoCBjn14R2N3Cq25QDVBkYRIjHbJcvJyz17LgpylwHGsUR2SBUj6Hz_7JUhhzU2EC6FyBIplHhliqm9W4UJuQtLh4xuFcsnPXU5SSbUIGdTCkhc2Zgb5x3dBGC57XDzBV0Nchwe5mnXTg/s900/normal_rjb_post_4_01_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="900" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9qVDaicSbQ-fdcXzluRcZL2MyonRoD6sIM1myQtln24rKJoCBjn14R2N3Cq25QDVBkYRIjHbJcvJyz17LgpylwHGsUR2SBUj6Hz_7JUhhzU2EC6FyBIplHhliqm9W4UJuQtLh4xuFcsnPXU5SSbUIGdTCkhc2Zgb5x3dBGC57XDzBV0Nchwe5mnXTg/s320/normal_rjb_post_4_01_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>Furthermore, in the antoninianus coinage, besides the usual right facing, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of the emperor on the obverse Postumus also uses a special, rare, left facing die. A radiate, draped and cuirassed but of the emperor is augmented with the club of Hercules over the emperor’s right shoulder and the skin of the Nemean lion adorning the left, again hinting that the trials are over.
</p><p>The Herculian labours coins are all of the greatest rarity. The superb Thys collection of Gallic coins was lucky enough to have four of the labours denarii, but not the Nemean lion type. In Schulte type 122 is represented by only a single example (British museum, ex de Salis, Sparkes and Dupree collections), making this piece probably only the second recorded example.
</p><p><b>Further reading:
</b></p><p>Schulte, B; Die Goldpragung der gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus, 1983
</p><p>Thys collection, Jacquier auction 42, 16 September 2016
</p><p><br /></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-61769666799344512872022-04-06T08:58:00.006+01:002022-04-06T10:21:07.440+01:00Tetricus I, confirmation of the SALVS AVG type<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN41AK9DI-HeUl2LfNddyitdwUJWrrlJ0hxsztuRcuCM8zto6Oju7jpbHWjmSlNt-s1VLlYlDmz9yWpKf-_TcapW9vKupFsd_IWeEnNUfq6XHiRu7uk3XZFSnLQLvP_-FGvGrPIgWm4_Q4KXrVPXBYv7A-NCf8gwqCdV0GetrPeBV4DV6k42OKvYihhQ/s1500/rjb_2022_04_01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="1500" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN41AK9DI-HeUl2LfNddyitdwUJWrrlJ0hxsztuRcuCM8zto6Oju7jpbHWjmSlNt-s1VLlYlDmz9yWpKf-_TcapW9vKupFsd_IWeEnNUfq6XHiRu7uk3XZFSnLQLvP_-FGvGrPIgWm4_Q4KXrVPXBYv7A-NCf8gwqCdV0GetrPeBV4DV6k42OKvYihhQ/s320/rjb_2022_04_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Tetricus I, SALVS AVG, RIC 121, AGK 19</i>a</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>Anyone who follows Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC) for the antoninianus coinage of the Gallic Empire will be sadly misguided . What you really need to familiarise yourself with are the hoard reports from the western provinces, Markus Weder’s two SNR papers correcting Schulzki’s AGK and Jerome Mairat’s PhD thesis.</p><p>One example is the Salus coinage of Tetricus I. From the literature we find that there are two reverse variants that predominate, both from mint 1 with the draped and cuirassed bust; SALVS AVGG with Salus feeding a serpent rising from an altar holding a tall rudder (Elmer 779) and SALV_S AVGG with Salus feeding a serpent rising from an altar holding a short rudder (Elmer 788) .</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAj3Syn-AHe32KoE17zlGlGa5bNKKmO48A6gA-d1t35hhhhJZ5ZaOerFY9nud0nm7UG_kXgoOm_TmJ8WaMBmWwa4IAAnqeDiwhMuZsaqVbZmYYfUwIvLwLg2nzjP-REpWxK8QmbW4mmojnQKaG4hH29DvROK-VzvJsrS_yZC5qLFsM9GBgwa-8TSupsA/s734/rjb_tet1_22_09_07.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="734" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAj3Syn-AHe32KoE17zlGlGa5bNKKmO48A6gA-d1t35hhhhJZ5ZaOerFY9nud0nm7UG_kXgoOm_TmJ8WaMBmWwa4IAAnqeDiwhMuZsaqVbZmYYfUwIvLwLg2nzjP-REpWxK8QmbW4mmojnQKaG4hH29DvROK-VzvJsrS_yZC5qLFsM9GBgwa-8TSupsA/s320/rjb_tet1_22_09_07.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Tetricus I, SALVS AVGG (tall rudder) , RIC cf126, Elmer 779, AGK 10a</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><p>Although RIC 121 suggests that SALVS AVG Salus feeding a serpent rising from an altar whilst holding a vertical sceptre is a common type it is rather unusual . Elmer lists the type (Elmer 776), but examination of the plated coin, missing most of the emperor’s name is a coin of Victorinus looking at the portrait style. The same conclusion has to be reached for a coin sold through the CGB Web shop and listed on acsearch.info. Schulzki included the type in AGK, number 19a, although Weder was unable to find an example and concluded that the type probably did not exist. This coin, iilustrated at the top of the note and seemingly from official dies, confirms the existence of the type.</p><p>Rare examples have been noted pairing the DIVO VICTORINO PIO obverse with the SALVS AVG reverse, Mairat notes four occurrences and illustrates the two British Museum specimens. It important from a mint attribution point of view as the consecration coinage for Victorinus was seen as a Mint 2 product because of the pairing with the Victorinus lifetime reverse of PROVIDENTIA AVG, but SALVS AVG is a Mint 1 type for him.</p><p>The late use of a probable Victorinus reverse die combined with a Tetricus senior obverse is unusual. One might expect the Deified Victorinus coins to be produced at the beginning of the reign of Tetricus and so the potential for dies to get mixed up. However, on this coin, with the obverse legend IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG, it has to be produced after the legend contraction removing the praenomen Esuvius.</p><p>It is not noted in any of the Coin Hoards of Roman Britain (CHRB) hoard reports, including the large finds like Cunetio, Normanby etc.</p><p><b>References:</b></p><p>Besley, E, and Bland, R; The Cunetio Treasure, 1983</p><p>Elmer, G; "Die munzpragung der Gallischen kaiser in Koln, Trier und Mailand" Bonner Jahrbuch 146, 1941</p><p>Mairat, J; The Coinage of the Gallic Empire, PhD Oxford, 2014</p><p>Schulzki, H-J; Die Antoninianpragung der Gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus (AGK), 1996</p><p>Webb, P. H; Roman Imperial Coinage 5 (part 2), 1933</p><p>Weder, M; "Munzen und munzstatten der gallisch-romischen kaiser" Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 76, 1997 and 77, 1998</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-12184257272267004372022-01-01T13:41:00.003+00:002022-01-01T13:42:56.426+00:00The demise of a Yorkshire token issuer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvRSZPpahcFLbNS1nUfDXO7t5S34btI54z7wS34Po4Q91SeIJEihcF-pIKu_dPZriBJWbaaWjAMG7RGRBMGI_ZTGNjIrSpUGpfX6lohTUTcKGdr5D55UO6GJyWDR9iihwDJacCiz0vK1t_rHnlxkLlJdcQWSDoTyUE85Q_2512wMLUopxQz-r-hc7YOA=s800" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvRSZPpahcFLbNS1nUfDXO7t5S34btI54z7wS34Po4Q91SeIJEihcF-pIKu_dPZriBJWbaaWjAMG7RGRBMGI_ZTGNjIrSpUGpfX6lohTUTcKGdr5D55UO6GJyWDR9iihwDJacCiz0vK1t_rHnlxkLlJdcQWSDoTyUE85Q_2512wMLUopxQz-r-hc7YOA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p>Visited Scarborough the other day. Sad to see the Luna Park funfair site empty, but hopefully it is only temporary. Apparently the Tuby family who ran it for years have given it up and the lease had now been taken over by another company who plan to revamp it. I don't know if they will retain the name so posting here along with a couple of slot machine tokens known from there, given their size they are presumably 10p tokens from the 1970s, information seems scant. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhS9ElunybAUakmuFVvd4IgN2yPRWgG37ZikstlI3dkemLJld6qF_zPy_xItFDaFhjkzkikwZ3EnyGUI_W0kJ5MnesW7FmBIxw-2Kw-U9QAVKSLtzPgWtdb4_HwQlCeVwKHcXUk-NNn3qcS2HSlbZtloo1l0LH3HJWljs5z-FhZncAvenRPsqED6vpOLA=s767" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="767" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhS9ElunybAUakmuFVvd4IgN2yPRWgG37ZikstlI3dkemLJld6qF_zPy_xItFDaFhjkzkikwZ3EnyGUI_W0kJ5MnesW7FmBIxw-2Kw-U9QAVKSLtzPgWtdb4_HwQlCeVwKHcXUk-NNn3qcS2HSlbZtloo1l0LH3HJWljs5z-FhZncAvenRPsqED6vpOLA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">26mm, not in Hayes</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLsvQxv8wA6-EBTA4LUviMHolTXinQaZDjH20MLRtxt8O0AfdfLs6Y2Pv39XOzOGAj3fAOteXl6f8BI4SbiILGJ_LBzfwgH3YHBFFrpvNcSDT9osspYh6WpOF5INycTmD3q5NTl6pTNeiLYfgzhh4quqrCHa35_lrv1Pv5hjZ0E8NK5OcnnfqFcyF6RA=s774" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="774" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLsvQxv8wA6-EBTA4LUviMHolTXinQaZDjH20MLRtxt8O0AfdfLs6Y2Pv39XOzOGAj3fAOteXl6f8BI4SbiILGJ_LBzfwgH3YHBFFrpvNcSDT9osspYh6WpOF5INycTmD3q5NTl6pTNeiLYfgzhh4quqrCHa35_lrv1Pv5hjZ0E8NK5OcnnfqFcyF6RA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">26mm, not in Hayes</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-10798084455829316762021-12-20T22:47:00.005+00:002021-12-21T09:10:14.860+00:00The SPQR mint(s) of Gallienus and Claudius II <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbLPx-KGnNcC8QiOFFFovElK6JBMw0U_eTno-0ps-MDPmgRAV1p5rmCYc5fUtXQ7bWImxoFDrOjyZ_9OxGcn3UKY1pSnwvDO7Urc0-UB_CnKiEHKc9oUzctA2Tz5SxLF1m__GkMqxU5GR2mh-5aJUZrcLNBFKJbX5S2JjaM0nCr6NZ97GhzHhkpRZpLA=s1830" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1830" data-original-width="1038" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbLPx-KGnNcC8QiOFFFovElK6JBMw0U_eTno-0ps-MDPmgRAV1p5rmCYc5fUtXQ7bWImxoFDrOjyZ_9OxGcn3UKY1pSnwvDO7Urc0-UB_CnKiEHKc9oUzctA2Tz5SxLF1m__GkMqxU5GR2mh-5aJUZrcLNBFKJbX5S2JjaM0nCr6NZ97GhzHhkpRZpLA=s320" width="182" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The latter
half of the third century saw the number of Roman mints beginning to expand,
and, at the same time, the number of mints striking the civic coins go into
rapid decline. The new mints are usually not named on the coins and we need to
use find spots and style to propose mint locations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is
against this background that we see a series of coins beginning late in the
reign of Gallienus and continuing into Claudius II marked with SPQR on the
reverse.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">RIC is of
little help here in that it gives them to “Asia” under Gallienus, perhaps
Antioch as pellets on the obverse are sometimes seen under the bust on the
obverse, similar to the Antioch coinage of Trebonianus Gallus. For Claudius II
it places them at Cyzicus, recognising that the later coins marked MC are
stylistically similar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1975 a
paper in the British journal, Numismatic Chronicle, recognised that the SPQR
series under Gallienus may be Cyzicus, but the author suggested that all the
Asian sole reign coins of Gallienus were from the same location, eliminating
Antioch as a mint from the time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gysen proposed
an arrangement that agreed that the SPQR coins were ultimately produced at Cyzicus,
but the original location was Smyrna (CENB 1999). The change in location was proposed
to have taken place early in the reign of Claudius, recognised in the coinage by a first emission of unmarked coins, the
adoption of the MC mark for the second before reverting back to SPQR for the third and dropping all marks again for the fourth and final emission. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Huvelin supported
the idea that Smyrna may have been the original locus of the mint. This was based
partially on stylistic criteria, but also on the commonality of a reverse device,
an Amazon holding a bipenis, that occurred on both the civic issues from the city
and an antoninianus type of Gallienus. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gysen’s arrangement
is not ideal, given the transition of marks, SPQR to MC to SPQR to nothing. It is
not the organisation adopted by the BnF for the cataloguing work in preparation
of the RIC revision. The SPQR coins attributed to Smyrna seem to be limited to the first emission through to early 269. After this date the establishment ceases and production transferred to
Cyzicus and there is a mixture of SPQR, MC and unmarked coins, depending on the emission. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>GALLIENUS</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 1 ABVNDANTIA AVG (MIR 1524c) Smyrna</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaQtvfFaPcw6tsJOlIZxmf3jAoWHOIHFg5wtAsyHBBI3eBJhTg6PpveZrXNMVByy3HQFlhpAjJaf3235_ls2L3RnM8SyR_DsFqRXZAXRF-UKTDiH2ibkRFRgcdsSDXTsW2XLMG9hsYKDD0qmDrDsEzPwaCMxREfmf3BTmr8mRXkWnnMqn9PfbXBSdTiA=s601" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="601" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaQtvfFaPcw6tsJOlIZxmf3jAoWHOIHFg5wtAsyHBBI3eBJhTg6PpveZrXNMVByy3HQFlhpAjJaf3235_ls2L3RnM8SyR_DsFqRXZAXRF-UKTDiH2ibkRFRgcdsSDXTsW2XLMG9hsYKDD0qmDrDsEzPwaCMxREfmf3BTmr8mRXkWnnMqn9PfbXBSdTiA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 1 AEQVITAS AVG (MIR 1525c) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXoOkedRjarRU4xO8bpDhyMpp8bWnKsYFZBHYwlp15rh33LeNVEPsHX22D3GekfrJJciP63JR3OUDmY3IGIjDwEW6b_vjR_Ezo9sKbyI57QSvnVWAeNh9A1gCS1CQLHfOxb2mfReC6SPQrgjBXfPgCc7aqeLRrrq12e9NtgTlMs-qXwELC2Gmz2Ae08w=s909" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="909" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXoOkedRjarRU4xO8bpDhyMpp8bWnKsYFZBHYwlp15rh33LeNVEPsHX22D3GekfrJJciP63JR3OUDmY3IGIjDwEW6b_vjR_Ezo9sKbyI57QSvnVWAeNh9A1gCS1CQLHfOxb2mfReC6SPQrgjBXfPgCc7aqeLRrrq12e9NtgTlMs-qXwELC2Gmz2Ae08w=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 1 CONSERVATOR AVG (MIR 1529c) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKPt6uM60modILNTKj9zvei9LpjT45bUn0OxGjcojVkkQU9yYkLaIqFSnhJc-glp9nu-yu2KOt_A5e2EZlwM9PS9V6nzBoBZPQc6laou7lTJbi3Vr4hl5sXapxaugnFqxi1NbVBIpA4jBSF-4EyisBED4H5tWpQ9v3yU9-h1QycBKdxCslLrgjmJLINQ=s600" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="600" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKPt6uM60modILNTKj9zvei9LpjT45bUn0OxGjcojVkkQU9yYkLaIqFSnhJc-glp9nu-yu2KOt_A5e2EZlwM9PS9V6nzBoBZPQc6laou7lTJbi3Vr4hl5sXapxaugnFqxi1NbVBIpA4jBSF-4EyisBED4H5tWpQ9v3yU9-h1QycBKdxCslLrgjmJLINQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 1 VENER VICTRIX (MIR 1537c) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNkAFolgjmHdRx8w4nnrsJ0eP2ya5fgiPZ1rGwboIXqXddsmxwiSaXIHyGUTI79xOfVIPHpX7c8m4IJNRJIx1GR2bf2elDezhTwZ2Nv-iy7hOAJEPwgNK3K_cDSWRjc5imUrsle6VmBjPO0SSM6nTP-ZqXN8TkG6YqJrVUSTZHdJkROTba_5XQ_hlOsg=s600" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="600" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNkAFolgjmHdRx8w4nnrsJ0eP2ya5fgiPZ1rGwboIXqXddsmxwiSaXIHyGUTI79xOfVIPHpX7c8m4IJNRJIx1GR2bf2elDezhTwZ2Nv-iy7hOAJEPwgNK3K_cDSWRjc5imUrsle6VmBjPO0SSM6nTP-ZqXN8TkG6YqJrVUSTZHdJkROTba_5XQ_hlOsg=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 2 P M TR P XVII (MIR 1540b) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi3g_b7-YFLX4mYNXSLTnyDfl5J5jD6eDTUZDS0GhNFjCg7h4PtwtGHrbTkbrB9mljKD1YOIH46TquutW5IObzpm420LV3Oz2NXaEsFJW4Jn2scyJK6UJTCGQNeYrHetvsAe6xy9WtcQlhAYTrkSllZ7dgnP4eMkR5CuY6xIYHvLBsXCxa7c9D2sm-3YA=s600" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="600" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi3g_b7-YFLX4mYNXSLTnyDfl5J5jD6eDTUZDS0GhNFjCg7h4PtwtGHrbTkbrB9mljKD1YOIH46TquutW5IObzpm420LV3Oz2NXaEsFJW4Jn2scyJK6UJTCGQNeYrHetvsAe6xy9WtcQlhAYTrkSllZ7dgnP4eMkR5CuY6xIYHvLBsXCxa7c9D2sm-3YA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 2 SALVS AVG (MIR 1547c) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjX_36cgmGryqP8zOIFW7ElVsMr_Gp2amsTs7MzX9qjG_Kf961faQoEqQAdLoRpl6xr12aj8OFd8svQ6iZjWrDeY_gvMIJc8hAEE1fVLzh6nhiEYclEVCT20NqHF2gjIQtYsDD3qeIvWoSDcwlYrWXFfdlj1QdYmmROtNpRzf2BvMovzcikHJkxJH-urw=s600" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="600" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjX_36cgmGryqP8zOIFW7ElVsMr_Gp2amsTs7MzX9qjG_Kf961faQoEqQAdLoRpl6xr12aj8OFd8svQ6iZjWrDeY_gvMIJc8hAEE1fVLzh6nhiEYclEVCT20NqHF2gjIQtYsDD3qeIvWoSDcwlYrWXFfdlj1QdYmmROtNpRzf2BvMovzcikHJkxJH-urw=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission ? PAX FVNDATA (unpublished) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQa9JmwLwfK78sK369IaxgVd-OpFdbFWxVn8C0WDqxlOijVm2WMUwcohxqAEXjptZngPXjqo-crWJ2lmRx98alG8heaolhGgkK2BwqTZcz6m6Y0DghiDKrw5StSu4pjJZPY2f0ASKxntZfJTAXzxchT4206VyAZe4qikjRbuAe3LqXjZ8WAXHT8JnNjA=s820" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="820" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQa9JmwLwfK78sK369IaxgVd-OpFdbFWxVn8C0WDqxlOijVm2WMUwcohxqAEXjptZngPXjqo-crWJ2lmRx98alG8heaolhGgkK2BwqTZcz6m6Y0DghiDKrw5StSu4pjJZPY2f0ASKxntZfJTAXzxchT4206VyAZe4qikjRbuAe3LqXjZ8WAXHT8JnNjA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission ? VIRTVTI AVG (MIR -, RIC 676) </span>Smyrna<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_k0OPBRTttrRPwIvdk980G7BR8goifekr62D3uCA4bnGTFpH2YJ2tPf-Nx9V-rU2u0ipRRnJDgvJ7bvJrtPQRT0NUvrZrtrxXBd8gREtq_o-6vBMKCNIr31PeW3kSk1qtCEvE21gWDUQDpt3DD3-VJr50x7Svi4BHb2O2_Ki2ZAi-a5KdgZktLRUaNw=s600" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="600" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_k0OPBRTttrRPwIvdk980G7BR8goifekr62D3uCA4bnGTFpH2YJ2tPf-Nx9V-rU2u0ipRRnJDgvJ7bvJrtPQRT0NUvrZrtrxXBd8gREtq_o-6vBMKCNIr31PeW3kSk1qtCEvE21gWDUQDpt3DD3-VJr50x7Svi4BHb2O2_Ki2ZAi-a5KdgZktLRUaNw=s320" width="320" /></a></div><b>CLAUDIUS II</b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 1 VIRTVTI AVG (RIC 253, RIC temp 847) Smyrna, end 268- early 269</span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwj6X8MNcq-FxfJeg52WhKsccjIyX9wIXVg_DM3bKc9nyiFxZM0YdlZotvpWH8-Obw1Wysn8d7Frbn65ipXFMm0sExjXGbU9gkHwCDYmZqhWzRlkbAnkJObRBAZ6HToqzsa7TMQwV8EswcpgcxkI6OpfpjYHT4gYQCM0beB3cdAOO1uHQ8SSYz56UyBg=s852" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="852" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwj6X8MNcq-FxfJeg52WhKsccjIyX9wIXVg_DM3bKc9nyiFxZM0YdlZotvpWH8-Obw1Wysn8d7Frbn65ipXFMm0sExjXGbU9gkHwCDYmZqhWzRlkbAnkJObRBAZ6HToqzsa7TMQwV8EswcpgcxkI6OpfpjYHT4gYQCM0beB3cdAOO1uHQ8SSYz56UyBg=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 3 FORTVNA REDVX</span> (RIC - , RIC temp 950) Cyzicus, end 269 - early 270</span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQMBzrRjFyfZrQmVfEMsoslKyqZtkcKCx9Pgf8656aF7TzYclFIVL27hmEn-3d_Tw_rUGXy7sOT3i2CEYDOmU3IT6iVzXQEHH6Y195yUNwxbHcGhia0mst6XvIYz1yLzZUXiaiTVbBq3V6rN1XqO_fmzID-Gycbl6aoQpxW7RRydMJcK-CP8dAqkK2sQ=s1200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="1200" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQMBzrRjFyfZrQmVfEMsoslKyqZtkcKCx9Pgf8656aF7TzYclFIVL27hmEn-3d_Tw_rUGXy7sOT3i2CEYDOmU3IT6iVzXQEHH6Y195yUNwxbHcGhia0mst6XvIYz1yLzZUXiaiTVbBq3V6rN1XqO_fmzID-Gycbl6aoQpxW7RRydMJcK-CP8dAqkK2sQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 3 FORTVNA REDVX (RIC 238, RIC temp 953) Cyzicus, end 269 - early 270</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiS_tFPOTDNT8HjoJwdxmnZKrREkxb4C9gqIqBuO_AZvRpZ6hgCVan9MIxkmhhBTRwvgn42JVn4xA9PRSWiEwHhHE4OH4X3ITjvag7gHJZKgNlwSYUUxP9xkLjQhF5FWHED1Y8AlbJtobmehDY38zvE7KcvVrPWmVmeATB7bPFcCw4FIad754j9b68fCQ=s1200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="1200" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiS_tFPOTDNT8HjoJwdxmnZKrREkxb4C9gqIqBuO_AZvRpZ6hgCVan9MIxkmhhBTRwvgn42JVn4xA9PRSWiEwHhHE4OH4X3ITjvag7gHJZKgNlwSYUUxP9xkLjQhF5FWHED1Y8AlbJtobmehDY38zvE7KcvVrPWmVmeATB7bPFcCw4FIad754j9b68fCQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emission 3 PAX AETERNA (RIC 234, RIC temp 951) Cyzicus, end 269 - early 270</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjJP2eheGyMzsoCvsSEhgesFu8oI3jNmrbIaobwuNVgsh07S2AQkMy7X_Tvkvf4PQSqKkBxjguk1tNxNfVYYhkOCKNPlA0525gly6G6Q77mZ1oBOSZgE0chejk_X1Yws1UMKOG0mtp29qQeSgRCr_TwchYRbAwJXkdST16UIiaC6p57yZvrJUD12pTDtw=s1000" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="1000" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjJP2eheGyMzsoCvsSEhgesFu8oI3jNmrbIaobwuNVgsh07S2AQkMy7X_Tvkvf4PQSqKkBxjguk1tNxNfVYYhkOCKNPlA0525gly6G6Q77mZ1oBOSZgE0chejk_X1Yws1UMKOG0mtp29qQeSgRCr_TwchYRbAwJXkdST16UIiaC6p57yZvrJUD12pTDtw=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Emission 3 PAX AETERNA (RIC 237, RIC temp 921) Cyzicus, mid - end 269</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAgfI1IthRzoxLb6P9mjMk1z30DKwC19xuIcYOZUILtFa3c7zcKrwLviEsOdHKOmDPMeT6c8nxr1i-9-9exS_hQfV45h1FcuKsdxYRf_hh9wFMCKBgsdcjxNrYTl_RBlp7Voti4v30kaogQYxFr46zP5S5qeJFVYC7qmi6U-Pnw3eMUg2-NXCX1tLrGQ=s1200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1200" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAgfI1IthRzoxLb6P9mjMk1z30DKwC19xuIcYOZUILtFa3c7zcKrwLviEsOdHKOmDPMeT6c8nxr1i-9-9exS_hQfV45h1FcuKsdxYRf_hh9wFMCKBgsdcjxNrYTl_RBlp7Voti4v30kaogQYxFr46zP5S5qeJFVYC7qmi6U-Pnw3eMUg2-NXCX1tLrGQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>Emission 3 VICTORIAE GOTHIC (RIC 251, RIC temp 925) Cyzicus, mid - end 269<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPzcgxESo_ofcW6I9lA98pgHzOeF2J76Q1y6DjvvCMPZuetPYnNsCEGqcb0ZLkiP0BXyH5khFrYY94jDemEiTiSHS6SNINW5JWm0AwGeXpCQMXBmEEZY4F7Jih4c90l6BjH2bcMk5xgCFQE7rzyb5mlQ_tq-Vp7A6MPppJoG937eg5mKr0NdWJDkfcOA=s1200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="1200" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPzcgxESo_ofcW6I9lA98pgHzOeF2J76Q1y6DjvvCMPZuetPYnNsCEGqcb0ZLkiP0BXyH5khFrYY94jDemEiTiSHS6SNINW5JWm0AwGeXpCQMXBmEEZY4F7Jih4c90l6BjH2bcMk5xgCFQE7rzyb5mlQ_tq-Vp7A6MPppJoG937eg5mKr0NdWJDkfcOA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>FURTHER READING</b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Elks, K; 'The eastern mints Valerian and Gallienus: the evidence of two new </span>hoards from western Turkey' NC 7th ser, XV (1975), pp91-109</p><p class="MsoNormal">Gysen, P; 'A propos des ateliers de Smyrne et de Cyzique que sous Claude II le Gothique' CENB 36, no. 2 (1999), pp29-41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p>Mairat, J; 'L'ouverture de l'atelier imperial de Cyzique sous le regne de Claude II le Gothique' RN (2007)</o:p></span></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-22897694901893738612021-11-29T23:23:00.003+00:002023-12-10T22:46:03.288+00:00The denarii of AD 268<p>After AD 238 issues of the denarius were sporadic. There were two significant issues around 240 under Gordian III, one of which was associated with his marriage to Tranquilina. The next substantive release was during the penultimate series of coins of Rome mint for Gallienus, c.268. In the current literature this is often referred to as the fifth sole reign issues (for example British Museum hoard reports) or emission 9 (Robert Goebl’s Moneta Imperii Romani 36, 43, 44 volume covering the period). </p><p>The Gallienus issue is substantial, well, compared to previous issues of denarii and is probably connected to the donativa for a significant milestone event during the reign. The placement in the reign is the clue and the issue is likely concurrent with the quindeccenalia, the celebrations of the 15th anniversary of the reign. Another potential occasion is the anticipated return to Rome, after the victory against the Goths at Naissus, given the rare INT VRB sestertii and double sestertii, anonymous but with the face of Gallienus on the obverse, that also date to this period. The return never happened as Gallienus was forced to move against Aureolus, based in Milan and supporting the Gallic usurper Postumus. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgDZdfrKRn50DPB6OLf1vl3J1nUlM112Rl9W4HooAJ4QlV7nrM2kTeiQQe2fjs0rCw2NV1wd7WRVmSRTmEU9oIFUdF_g0uoi2Q_YmVYWINHfs8tT2jXmtyAJVAfTwDGPShkx5YAxq5RG2/s780/IMG_20211129_225523.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="780" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgDZdfrKRn50DPB6OLf1vl3J1nUlM112Rl9W4HooAJ4QlV7nrM2kTeiQQe2fjs0rCw2NV1wd7WRVmSRTmEU9oIFUdF_g0uoi2Q_YmVYWINHfs8tT2jXmtyAJVAfTwDGPShkx5YAxq5RG2/s320/IMG_20211129_225523.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 702h</div><p>The reverse types of the laureate bust denarii mirror the reverse types of the radiate antoniniani, although they do not usually feature the officina or workshop letter that is present on the radiate pieces.</p><p>The reverse types known are as follows, and it would appear that not all twelve officina are represented in the coins and this may have been the reasoning why some authors postulate that there was a transitional stage in the increase of workshops from six to twelve. So, from my trays:
</p><p>Off. 1 - MARTI PACIFERO</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPNWc1KmUJqvcGJDcX9vK7GymB5KTQVXgXMyf6mtSoEIMqUpFgRLyqmPc7jZM9Bw6ZAJbAS79yiJTWFaWdrWNZQhsmnmlzR_62esvRrN0ij8lmzB48wrQSLOfjHGGnF_UUwl3NaxMdVWj4/s600/rjb_gallienus_658_08_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="600" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPNWc1KmUJqvcGJDcX9vK7GymB5KTQVXgXMyf6mtSoEIMqUpFgRLyqmPc7jZM9Bw6ZAJbAS79yiJTWFaWdrWNZQhsmnmlzR_62esvRrN0ij8lmzB48wrQSLOfjHGGnF_UUwl3NaxMdVWj4/s320/rjb_gallienus_658_08_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 657t</div><p>Off. 2 - ABVNDANTIA AVG</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFOr7j5YJtExxCcMiWdbHwbTmHX_Y23I44GJNi_brkZ4OTinFqhqx7QgJGgmT4QlBynzfo1bYkMMtA8Tx27-ElXD7kwVwUv-eY4iWNUGKkDZodRyJdp4wHFP85_pKGxbWB2byj9pSX7WJh/s600/rjb_gallienus_659_08_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="600" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFOr7j5YJtExxCcMiWdbHwbTmHX_Y23I44GJNi_brkZ4OTinFqhqx7QgJGgmT4QlBynzfo1bYkMMtA8Tx27-ElXD7kwVwUv-eY4iWNUGKkDZodRyJdp4wHFP85_pKGxbWB2byj9pSX7WJh/s320/rjb_gallienus_659_08_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 659t</div><p>Off. 3 - AETERNITAS AVG </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIQulQGQevgsQ701Wsm8TyL-5sE6eQZH_tMoTHoDFfzuZ8FPvf54VBBMs-vFcbTDCPvcB8gKVizXHM2tWGBJETxOeb3RxRLsQCLaUu3IetKS40OedeAHsJTnLSjUm2eQ-8-moxcIEiI07q/s600/rjb_gallienus_661_08_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="600" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIQulQGQevgsQ701Wsm8TyL-5sE6eQZH_tMoTHoDFfzuZ8FPvf54VBBMs-vFcbTDCPvcB8gKVizXHM2tWGBJETxOeb3RxRLsQCLaUu3IetKS40OedeAHsJTnLSjUm2eQ-8-moxcIEiI07q/s320/rjb_gallienus_661_08_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 661t</div><p>Off. 4 - FECVNDITAS AVG (Salonina) </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-sI8AF3cBBdcHMo7-eIkyHaCVtTJrGsy55EI6uFL4wTm9pFI8dsujL_9kttrHhTxnYiG8CrYNrWw-FTnx1nfnX27Ong4_9xKGcxmZMZDouXm2LGqP2KDU-FRvLTfOeIX8yJ8v8tj_671d/s797/IMG_20211129_225429.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="797" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-sI8AF3cBBdcHMo7-eIkyHaCVtTJrGsy55EI6uFL4wTm9pFI8dsujL_9kttrHhTxnYiG8CrYNrWw-FTnx1nfnX27Ong4_9xKGcxmZMZDouXm2LGqP2KDU-FRvLTfOeIX8yJ8v8tj_671d/s320/IMG_20211129_225429.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 579ee</div><p>Off. 5 - VBERITAS AVG
</p><p>(not represented in my collection) </p><p>Off. 6 - FORTVNA REDVX
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguMszckOODoPdz1v4mBVz1P0FqRoVfe8XZa6gR2zVPnI-L1V8h78eE5zv_rSVqV1hESjmPqr2rwmWxElszZaBlA_CWDG7SFZvHNsowYs9eqpPgyebmCSvvlcHp7ZQzVH03oB9xm0APEAxmULM1iGfPew14hz23t_AufXZgBaNsmWkjoq1RXvyId9mkhhca/s902/13248q00.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="902" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguMszckOODoPdz1v4mBVz1P0FqRoVfe8XZa6gR2zVPnI-L1V8h78eE5zv_rSVqV1hESjmPqr2rwmWxElszZaBlA_CWDG7SFZvHNsowYs9eqpPgyebmCSvvlcHp7ZQzVH03oB9xm0APEAxmULM1iGfPew14hz23t_AufXZgBaNsmWkjoq1RXvyId9mkhhca/s320/13248q00.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;">MIR 664t</p><p>Off. 7 - VICTORIA AET </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHoxDpJsynmBrPvYBp2zZoXfRAp7NSAs7xa3wK-FhEJt6FaVTx6rCmefW-tvhulTs7Yq3yM8sjtbfZ1vMQ3658UooFO71IMUtpl-yKDI3ygM2AbuclgDfzLQQu7vPNnrrigSDG2ASARx46/s815/normal_rjb_2018_01_03.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="815" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHoxDpJsynmBrPvYBp2zZoXfRAp7NSAs7xa3wK-FhEJt6FaVTx6rCmefW-tvhulTs7Yq3yM8sjtbfZ1vMQ3658UooFO71IMUtpl-yKDI3ygM2AbuclgDfzLQQu7vPNnrrigSDG2ASARx46/s320/normal_rjb_2018_01_03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 669t</div><p>Off. 7 - ORIENS AVG </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlVduwRImeK-ZiF84xtRInxZPS7EfFmnW5pgMCvlKtW8retSqiBPvpXar0zdJEo8qiBaCAE9hyphenhyphenLe8l2SveN5RHOaKRkLqx4agxa2k2UVxVcRoSZ4bwQYbIRJVCfdvkhyphenhyphenLSV0HdkzeDSes8/s793/normal_rjb_2014_11_02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="793" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlVduwRImeK-ZiF84xtRInxZPS7EfFmnW5pgMCvlKtW8retSqiBPvpXar0zdJEo8qiBaCAE9hyphenhyphenLe8l2SveN5RHOaKRkLqx4agxa2k2UVxVcRoSZ4bwQYbIRJVCfdvkhyphenhyphenLSV0HdkzeDSes8/s320/normal_rjb_2014_11_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 614dd</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4ja6pr_QYeDdCCCBNqzs_fAU2vSMhNFc9oPiuey6uvpULd0B0J3tMTrm1cxZcnasufiZUoBlS2VicP4UFSS6VZnwd-neZQwoY9oC1oI1nmcQRXdlCklhHEt7JRzY2lLjxoqLnseBv2AEV/s600/rjb_gallienus_682_08_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="600" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4ja6pr_QYeDdCCCBNqzs_fAU2vSMhNFc9oPiuey6uvpULd0B0J3tMTrm1cxZcnasufiZUoBlS2VicP4UFSS6VZnwd-neZQwoY9oC1oI1nmcQRXdlCklhHEt7JRzY2lLjxoqLnseBv2AEV/s320/rjb_gallienus_682_08_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 682t</div><p>Off. 8 - SECVRIT PERPET </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRcd2J9-M6a2D9z6Ex-_i6lduYFd7_HbxSf0MwkODMvp_1jA9DZG9_wdU9qcuItaDNXQ6NidhYWdRSH4pVYdikiaiSLh0hMljHzHPs5-YMcyW4I0vt9pLusKWcARA1d28lsl3DmL9jLPs_/s816/normal_rjb_gal_den_07_08.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="816" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRcd2J9-M6a2D9z6Ex-_i6lduYFd7_HbxSf0MwkODMvp_1jA9DZG9_wdU9qcuItaDNXQ6NidhYWdRSH4pVYdikiaiSLh0hMljHzHPs5-YMcyW4I0vt9pLusKWcARA1d28lsl3DmL9jLPs_/s320/normal_rjb_gal_den_07_08.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 524v</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcDtp7Cbo1XgpvBPuySAp2kGyp0CnKOtXAIELD3KA-6SZh4oCxelNVXlQR59xE5Z_JqR-rkkIFdhwxEYURTx1pD4v29bBe0xLEjC9HICkWLqz81zVUfHRo8GdaCElnSY_6k92z3KFVC06m/s600/rjb_gallienus_670_08_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="600" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcDtp7Cbo1XgpvBPuySAp2kGyp0CnKOtXAIELD3KA-6SZh4oCxelNVXlQR59xE5Z_JqR-rkkIFdhwxEYURTx1pD4v29bBe0xLEjC9HICkWLqz81zVUfHRo8GdaCElnSY_6k92z3KFVC06m/s320/rjb_gallienus_670_08_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 524t</div><p>Off. - 9 FIDES MILITVM </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEittEueOaRNJUmgURTOpSR81gBbL_S4ta16qOUnLQ9EVOq3DU2zutMKMDx4PgjQlHCSXXyoJbWFclQmRk1G183BA8lxLhXcARvxq7go04AuHuNleFq9OvqxF-0pq7gVmfMHk9zr0TgkICcy/s731/normal_rjb_2018_01_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="731" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEittEueOaRNJUmgURTOpSR81gBbL_S4ta16qOUnLQ9EVOq3DU2zutMKMDx4PgjQlHCSXXyoJbWFclQmRk1G183BA8lxLhXcARvxq7go04AuHuNleFq9OvqxF-0pq7gVmfMHk9zr0TgkICcy/s320/normal_rjb_2018_01_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MIR 599bb</div>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-29151430898659181782021-10-05T21:31:00.001+01:002021-10-05T22:12:56.233+01:00The name of the Roman silver radiate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6f5vKYG2FeK917Ap0xCVuMrcLpf_IxrDRTlfCBAjrHtNqolGR0x_XgNJZSFxsht_NH6nQAPQJIFVvPCptdmr_RdOivcn9jppOrWkUC-kqRPKK2QXzvWQEb7wMaH-PVdhKsFbSwiH1d7GE/s1116/FB_IMG_1633465322004.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1116" data-original-width="843" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6f5vKYG2FeK917Ap0xCVuMrcLpf_IxrDRTlfCBAjrHtNqolGR0x_XgNJZSFxsht_NH6nQAPQJIFVvPCptdmr_RdOivcn9jppOrWkUC-kqRPKK2QXzvWQEb7wMaH-PVdhKsFbSwiH1d7GE/s320/FB_IMG_1633465322004.jpg" width="242" /></a></div><p><!--StartFragment-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal">I suspect that if I were to pose the question “what is the
Roman coin denomination pictured above” there would be large number of
responses of “antoninianus”. Whilst this is not technically incorrect as it is
the name we now use for the coin type it is a modern sobriquet. The Roman in
the street would not recognise the term.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I do not know when the term was first applied to the radiate
third century coin, initially made of silver in the third century and
progressively debased to a nadir under Claudius II and reformed under Aurelian.
It does not appear to have been a term applied in the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Even
during the 19<sup>th</sup> century the term takes a while to become established.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Akerman in his Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman
Coins (1836) does not use the term antoninianus. Neither does Humphrey in his Coin
Collectors Manual (1853) where the radiate silver coin of Caracalla is called the
argenteus. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Handbook to Roman Coins by Madden (1861) uses the phrase
argenteus antoninianus and by the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1880s the
term antoninianus is in common usage, for example Rohde, Die Munzpragung des Kaisers
Aurelianus (1881).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, is there any classical use of the phrase antoninianus? The
short answer is yes, however it is not in reference to the silver coin of the third
century where the emperor is shown wearing a radiate crown. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Historia August, the ancient text that provides historical
sketches of the emperor’s in a sometimes fanciful manner does use the term antoninianus
to describe a coin of Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus). Unfortunately that
numismatic reference is to a coin in gold. The same text also contains reference
to the philippeus, one time referring to a gold piece but several other references
are to the silver coins. There are other coin references in the text to imperial
coins and each time it is cited in the form of a coin of x, for example a saloninianus.
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Hence the picture above, you might say there are four third century philippei, not antoniniani, as we are so used to calling them.</p><p></p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785633541683015573.post-61133153360935804842021-08-26T21:04:00.013+01:002021-08-26T23:40:36.412+01:00The recording history of What's The New Mary Jane<p>This was supposed to be a lockdown project but got rather delayed, not least because I couldn’t face actually immersing myself in this chaotic song. I wanted to unpick the history of the song and match the known variations available both officially and unofficially on circulating recordings.
</p><p>Written by John Lennon in early 1968 when the band were at the Maharishi’s ashram in India What’s The New Mary Jane was recorded by the Beatles (only John and George from the band were present, along with Yoko Ono and Apple electronics specialist Alexis Mardas) for inclusion on what became the double album in late 1968 colloquially known as the White Album.
</p><p>From the archives, both published and unpublished (such as the notes of EMI employee John Barratt who documented all the master tapes of the Beatles in the record company vaults in the early 1980s) we get the following (RM indicates a mono mix, RS a stereo mix):
</p><p><u><b>14 August 1968
</b></u></p><p>Tape: E68949 4T
</p><p>Take 1 (2’35”)
</p><p>Take 2 (3’45”)
</p><p>Take 3 (false start)
</p><p>Take 4 (6’35”)
</p><p>Overdubs, including a second Lennon vocal, were done and from this point on all overdubs, edits and mixes use take 4 as the base recording.
</p><p>Tape: E69229 A
</p><p>RM1 faded to 3’15”
</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6z58Bi2UHS3WVqzUVizlXR465_zXqr2m6ON_F3jboJe_OGI7bM73eJR2D_SLB3yTlGhvnnOYHt6WuVdL_9z0UG3z7y3VMyPmbUWRVytdQOHKSHxzP46VeuJ5NhBQSMQzmiK2JWsUpFaF9/s2048/IMG_20210826_194823%257E2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="2048" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6z58Bi2UHS3WVqzUVizlXR465_zXqr2m6ON_F3jboJe_OGI7bM73eJR2D_SLB3yTlGhvnnOYHt6WuVdL_9z0UG3z7y3VMyPmbUWRVytdQOHKSHxzP46VeuJ5NhBQSMQzmiK2JWsUpFaF9/s320/IMG_20210826_194823%257E2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Recording sheet for 14th August 1968 (click to enlarge)</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div></i><u><b><p><u><b>26 September 1968</b></u></p></b></u><p></p><p>Tape: E70430 A
</p><p>RM1, RM2
</p><p>The designation RM1 should not have been reused here as it had already been used on 14th August. On the recording sheet that accompanies this work only RM2 was completed and marked as “best”. A quirk, transcription error(?), is that it is only listed as 2'12", rather than 3'12".</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_lBjKS02wjVZ2fR7pw4uiXm7RUOYCqGLryiiOjMBDlIKN_KManAFaHQIV9fzFIj8CF7s_wjgcN4x7Kgwl5fDbdmPGkbJW_9joz4eVjPVNPCGEIp7PCodashX5ocWkBD1bmpcCWRc7Kg6f/s2048/IMG_20210826_195329%257E3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1396" data-original-width="2048" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_lBjKS02wjVZ2fR7pw4uiXm7RUOYCqGLryiiOjMBDlIKN_KManAFaHQIV9fzFIj8CF7s_wjgcN4x7Kgwl5fDbdmPGkbJW_9joz4eVjPVNPCGEIp7PCodashX5ocWkBD1bmpcCWRc7Kg6f/s320/IMG_20210826_195329%257E3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Recording sheet for 26th September 1968 (click to enlarge)</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><p><b><u>14 October 1968</u></b></p><p>Tape: E70663 Z
</p><p>RS1, RS2
</p><p>Surprisingly only RS2 is noted on the log sheet for the day. The monthly fan club publication, The Beatles Book (number 64, November 1968), announced that the song had been considered for the White Album but was ultimately left off, along with the Harrison composition, Not Guilty.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmFuLn232OReyFZxbEKIyaUbeVksBdlGCB699ctqLQY_C3XkK4lAc6x7QatzKhiXCV50wyq9COx8vPmfHsDxtl-jdXIZezyuQS9WORQIldUnHSsITrvMa0vk4oO5WaHRmsgb9o34bymKUJ/s2048/IMG_20210826_195209%257E4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1384" data-original-width="2048" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmFuLn232OReyFZxbEKIyaUbeVksBdlGCB699ctqLQY_C3XkK4lAc6x7QatzKhiXCV50wyq9COx8vPmfHsDxtl-jdXIZezyuQS9WORQIldUnHSsITrvMa0vk4oO5WaHRmsgb9o34bymKUJ/s320/IMG_20210826_195209%257E4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Recording sheet for 14th October 1968 (click to enlarge)</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><p><u><b>11 September 1969</b></u></p><p>Tape: E93375 Z
</p><p>RS1, RS2, RS3
</p><p>RS1 and RS2 designations had already been used on 14th October and should not have been repeated. These three stereo mixes were done for John, ahead of further work to make it a Plastic Ono Band release.
</p><p><u><b>26 November 1969
</b></u></p><p>Stereo mixing with overdub (RS5)
</p><p>Editing (RS5) as (RS6)
</p><p>Tape copying with simultaneous overdub (RS4 into RS5)
</p><p>Take 4 RS4 edit, running at 3’15” was chosen to be the b side of the projected Plastic Ono Band single with the Beatles recording of the song You Know My Name (Look Up My Number), catalogue number Apples 1002. This was scheduled for rush release 5th December 1969 but quickly cancelled. Acetates are known of this recording.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbL_ejgIcA1fQmrHghwbd1FVrytBznSEZfj_ew1uXWn3Dui_qHBmnyPCyqcX3wvKtmoSc-q_ul7lsmfgAkoRFmhGMu-3k0V-a9nR5-xBc1SiCK3YuhK-HcNbjLxZ2yBnOw-dFZc4W1eF9Q/s462/IMG_20210826_204743.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="462" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbL_ejgIcA1fQmrHghwbd1FVrytBznSEZfj_ew1uXWn3Dui_qHBmnyPCyqcX3wvKtmoSc-q_ul7lsmfgAkoRFmhGMu-3k0V-a9nR5-xBc1SiCK3YuhK-HcNbjLxZ2yBnOw-dFZc4W1eF9Q/s320/IMG_20210826_204743.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><u><b><br /></b></u></p><p><u><b>26 June 1971</b></u></p><p>Tape: E103378 4T
</p><p>(tape copying?)
</p><p>The four track tape E103778 is curious. It is long after the potential release of the song as either a Beatles or Plastic Ono Band record. John moved permanently to the US in August 1971. An acetate cut at Cutting Room Inc in New York may be from this tape. It is clear that it is not a finished, mixed tape, but rather a four (or eight) track multitrack tape (4T coded, rather than Z as a stereo master or A for a mono master). People have suggested that the Cutting Room Inc acetate is actually RS4, RS5 and RS6 from November 1969 but again I find that problematic as the third track on the disc is a severe edit and is just the last two and a half minutes, or nearly so, of the mayhem that is Mary Jane.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjraH6CRBKgFa6d4RCJyTqCQblCKXGhbSsxVTcDscPGM6maE-7GL40idB6eRr5IUS6PPqR9TwE_0VZPjlK0zE9TJZ2tXHSyOldtV2HklaTN3XTG9yq8CX95RrHGUW_Ir99DecCJjzzaoq0C/s398/IMG_20210826_204714.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="398" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjraH6CRBKgFa6d4RCJyTqCQblCKXGhbSsxVTcDscPGM6maE-7GL40idB6eRr5IUS6PPqR9TwE_0VZPjlK0zE9TJZ2tXHSyOldtV2HklaTN3XTG9yq8CX95RrHGUW_Ir99DecCJjzzaoq0C/s320/IMG_20210826_204714.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>The next time that the song was scheduled for release was 1982/3 on an EMI projected album of Beatles outtakes and unreleased recordings called Sessions. A number of mixes were apparently done but again the project shelved, getting as far as cover design, and proposed accompanying single release.</p><p>What’s The New Mary Jane finally was released on the third installment of the Anthology cd using a Geoffrey Emerick mix from 1983 (prepared for Sessions?).
</p><p>Excluding the recordings amongst collectors there are a number of versions of this song officially available, although not all on CD.
</p><p><b>Acoustic demo</b> – recorded at George’s House to run through all the new potential material for the White Album included in the deluxe box set for the 50th anniversary of the White Album
</p><p><b>Take 1</b> – included in the deluxe box set for the 50th anniversary of the White Album
</p><p><b>Take 2</b> – a partial recording of this can be heard on the Anthology dvd box set, a different mix is also included on the Anthology video box set
</p><p><b>Take</b> <b>4</b> – Geoffrey Emerick’s 1983 mix on Anthology 3 cd
</p><p>Digging a little deeper what can you find amongst the collector recordings? This is not an exhaustive list and others may be out there. It can be quite difficult to discern true variations in the cacophony that is What’s The New Mary Jane.
</p><p><b>Acoustic demo</b> - the original recording of the demo tape, before it was cleaned up and corrected by EMI, has been circulating since the late 1990s or early 2000s</p><p><b>Take 4 RS4 edit</b> – a recording of the Apples 1002 acetate
</p><p><b>Take 4 RS2</b> – 14 Oct 1968 on the bootleg album EMI Outtakes
</p><p><b>Take 4 RS1, RS2, RS3</b> – three stereo mixes on the What’s The New Mary Jane bootleg album, tracks 7, 8 and 9, may be these three mixes.
</p><p><b>Cutting Room Inc acetate</b> – all three recordings from this disc, label shown above, available</p><p><b>Sessions</b> <b>mixes</b> – 1982/3 two or three stereo mixes of take 4 seem to be extant
</p><p><br /></p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p>Mauseushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13949964207758741534noreply@blogger.com