The death of Constantius I Chlorus at York

Deified Constantius I, AE nummus, RIC VI (Lon 110)

Unlike the death and cremation of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus at York on the 4th February 211 very little is known about the death of Constantius I Chlorus some 95 years later. 

He did, according to the available sources, die a quiet death in his palace at York on 25 July 306. Nothing is said about his funeral or burial other than what is noted by Philostragus that his son *Constantine............ soon after committed his body to the tomb and thus became his successor". 

The extant narrative suggests that his death, burial and succession occurred in relatively quick succession, so where was the tomb of Constantius located? 

There is one curious tradition that Constantius' tomb was located on Aldwark. There are stories that it was below the church of St. Helen on the Walls and that the tomb was shown to visitors as late as the the 16th century. William Camden (Britannia, 1695) writes that he "had been informed by credible persons, that in the suppression of the monasteries in the last age, there was found a lamp burning in the vault of a little chapel here, and Constantius was thought to be buried there". The name of the church that is referenced by Camden is recorded as being that of St. Helen on the Wall by Drake (Eboracum, 1715).

The church was located adjacent to the Merchant Tailors Hall, outside of the Roman fortress walls, and was demolished around 1549/50. It was rediscovered in 1972 and subjected to archaeological investigation. Although a lot of damage had been done by post mediaeval building Roman occupation levels were identified on the site. 

A Kolophon hemiobol reattributed to Magnesia

The ancient city of Kolophon (sometimes spelt Colophon in the literature), is located in Ionia, Asia Minor. The ruins are situated to the south of the Turkish town of Degirmendere.

The standard reference work for the ancient coins was published by J G Milne in 1941, (Kolophon and its coinage: a study, American Numismatic Society Numismatic Notes and Monographs 96). The publication date betrays the difficulties in academic pursuit and this is noted by the author in the introduction. He says that:

“Before the interruption of international relations in Europe, I was collecting material for a monograph on the coinage of Kolophon: it seems improbable that I shall be able to complete it on the original plan; but it may be worth while to put on record the facts ascertained and the conclusions they suggest”.

I happened to be leafing through a 1990s Spinks Numismatic Circular report on a parcel of Ionia fractional silver coins and a Kolophon piece was the subject of a reattribution.

The type in question is a silver fraction, a hemiobol, features a right facing head described as being of Artemis on the obverse, Milne considering it to have feminine features. On the reverse there is a shallow incuse quadripartite square with a pellet in the centre. Milne lists it as a type from Kolophon from after 490 BC, number 18 in his catalogue.

The Spink paper cites a later reference that questions the Kolophon origin. Colin Kraay, in a 1962 Schweizer Numismaticshe Rundschau paper (Monnaies provenant du site de Colophon), suggests an alternative, possibly Magnesia ad Maeandrum. He puts forward the alternative based on the uncertainty of the head on the obverse, preferring an identification of it as being male and that of Apollo. He also believes that the type is too abundantly encountered for the relative unimportance of Kolophon at the time. He therefore suggests that Magnesia ad Maeandrum may be the more likely origin of the type, particularly as the city is known to have used an image of Apollo on the later coins issued by Thermistocles, c. 460 BC.

This is the difficulty when there is no city ethnic. Attributions have to be made based on criteria such as find location and continuity of themes in the design.

A Severus Alexander multi city provincial die link

This provincial bronze of Severus Alexander from Abydus in Troas (Conventus of Adramyteum) is interesting, to me at least, for a couple of reasons. The architectural reverse of a temple pictured in perspective is a unique variant with the gable end to the left, all other extant specimens have the pediment to the right.

What is perhaps more interesting than the design variation is that this coin is die linked to three other cities. Dario Calomino published, in the Burnett festschrift, a set of die links, building on Konrad Kraft”s pioneering work from the early 1970s, that demonstrates a level of organisation and control beyond what was expected in the Roman provincial coinage. Rather than individual cities striking their own, often intermittent, coinage there was, in some circumstances, a centralisation of production. This is something that we don’t always appreciate. I've paced my specimen on top of specimen 6 in the above illustration. 

Thus we have a coin here that shares an obverse die with coins of Sestus (Chersonesus, Thrace) [coins 5, 9], Methymna (Lesbos) [coins 8, 10] and Eresus (Lesbos) [coin 7]. 

The infant Dionysus on a bronze of Nicaea

A number of years ago I picked up a small (15mm) bronze of Geta, as Caesar, from Nicaea in Bithynia. The reverse design features the young Dionysus riding on a panther to the right.

Searching for a catalogue reference, as the particular volume of Roman Provincial Coinage (RPC V.2) is not yet available I had to resort to the older standard catalogues for the series. Waddington's Receuil Générale volume covering Nicaea came up with nothing. Similarly, SNG von Aulock nothing.

The coin proved to have no published reference available. That was the case for over fifteen years until, by chance and looking for something else, I came across the 2004/5 volume of the American Numismatic Journal paper listing new acquisitions of the ANS. There, in the new purchases, was an example of the Geta coin. The accompanying note, reproduced below, acknowledged that no comparable specimen had been found in the references available to them, more prolific than mine.

The, earlier this month I was directed to a, specialised collection being offered at auction later in September. Gorny and Mosch in sale 306 are seeing the collection of Prof. Dr. Wolfram Weiser of coins of Nicaea. Browsing through it there is, at lot 1249, another example of the Dionysus small bronze of Geta (see below) . Yet again they are struggling for a specimen to cite, other than the ANS specimen and choose to reproduce the text of the ANS note.

A hemiobol from Kasolaba in Caria

AR hemiobol, late 5th/early 4th cent BC, Obverse - Male head right with Carian inscription, Reverse - Head of goat right

Ancient Greek coins can prove problematic to attribute with certainty, even by academics and museum curators. This can be particularly so when the name of the mint city is incomplete and compounded with uncertain find spot locations. 

Take, for example, the small coin above. In the 1890's it was attributed to an issue by Abdemon in Salamis on the island of Cyprus and it appeared in the BMC Greek Cyprus volume when it was published in 1904, numbers 42-44. However, that was not the only attribution given to these pieces and Kebren in Troas was also suggested and you find the type in the 1894 BMC Greek Troas volume, number 14.

These two competing attributions stood until the 1980's when Hyla Troxell identified that the script on the coins contained a letter that only occurred in Carian script, an S form made of two overlapping C's. She also had the benefit of some find spot information that strengthened a Carian origin for the coins. She pitched for the mint being located at Halikarnassos.

The relatively recent decipherment of Carian script points to these coins having an ethnic beginning "azo". That would appear to rule out Halikarnassos. The recent translation of an inscription from Sekkoy points to another location in the right vicinity, the city of Kasolaba, sited somewhere between Halikarnassos and Mylasa. The missing guttural initial of the Carian ethnic "azo" is not unknown in the language and is not apparently surprising.

So, the new coin producing poleis of Kasolaba is now the preferred mint city for this prolific issue of diminutive hemiobols, c.0.45 grammes in weight. 

Rouen transporter Bridge token

Although it is British machine tokens I mainly look for occasionally I pick up tokens from other countries. One such is this 5 centime token to cross the transporter bridge in Rouen.

I’ve crossed the similar bridge in Middlesborough over the Tees. It’s really a flying ferry, the vehicles all collect on a short road section that is suspended below the gantry and literally carried by the crane to the opposite bank.

The Rouen bridge was built in 1898 and destroyed by the French army on 9th June 1940 to try and delay the advance of the German army during World War II.

The denarius of Lucius Papius

This Roman Republican denarius, issued by Lucius Papius c. 79 BC (Crawford 384/1) is known for the use of a, huge series of control marks on both the obverse and reverse. When compiling his catalogue in the 1970s Crawford identified 211 pairs, each pairing of symbols has only one pair of dies, and of which this is pairing 119 (twin yoke on the obverse, behind the head of Juno Sospita, and a cart on the reverse, below the leaping griffin).

I had never really contemplated what the control marks were actually meant to be controlling, that was until I came across Harlan’s two books on the Roman Republican Moneyers. He suggests that it is to stop theft or work slacking by the mint workers producing the coins. As each pairing of marks were from single dies it, presumably each assigned to a single worker, would be easy to detect if, on a daily basis (or whatever frequency) a particular pairing was deficient in number produced compared with the other pairings. 

Another feature of this series, in common with the products of some other moneyers, is the serrated edge to the coin. The serrated edge is individually chiseled onto each coin blank before the design is struck. The reason is unclear. Some say it is to demonstrate that the coin is silver through and through, not plate metal on a base metal core. Crawford doubts this as there are unserrated coins produced in the same period as serrated ones. Because of that Crawford suggests that the serrated flan is merely an artistic choice. To me that seems a little odd, and Harlan postulate that it is another method of deterring theft by the mint workers. The serrated edge is to make the coins look uncomfortable to swallow to then recover later after the natural course of events!